A Real History of the Last Sixty-Two Years?

Submitted by: Mike Spindell, Guest Blogger

Being in my late 60’s and having grown up in a liberal family, politics and history have been always among my greatest interests. Those much younger than I would no doubt list 9/11 as the most traumatizing historical event of their lifetime. While 9/11 of course affected me greatly, no historical event in my life has affected me as much as the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. I believe that it traumatized my generation so extensively that most of us have not been able to fully believe in our country and its government since that tragic day and its aftermath. Most Americans alive today, who were born in 1960, or afterwards, have only second hand accounts of the total turbulence of the 60’s and the trauma experienced by those who lived through it. There is no doubt that 9/11 has traumatized this nation, but initially it drew most of us together, only to have that unity frittered away by the Bush Administration. The 60’s did that for my generation and that trauma led directly to our current political chaos and deep distrust of government as my generation took the reins of political power.

To most people growing up in the 50’s, on its surface America was the land of opportunity. The USA was a great democracy, unparalleled in human history in the prosperity of its citizens and its standing among nations. For many though, there were obvious cracks in this version of the America Myth. If you were a Black American you faced the viciousness of “Jim Crow” in the South and the somewhat more “genteel” racism pervading the rest of the country. People of Spanish speaking heritage also faced the status of second class citizenship. Native American’s were treated just as badly as they had been from the first European landing on these their shores. Women were, with few exceptions, expected to be subservient to male expectations and were uniformly portrayed as being intellectually inferior. Homosexuals were viciously and violently persecuted. And so it went in 1950’s America. Some great white writers like Mailer, Kerouac, Steinbeck and many others were taking on the myth of the America Dream. Africa American writers like Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison and James Baldwin were standing on the shoulders of their predecessors from the Harlem Renaissance, in exposing the oppression Black people faced. There was among many Americans a weariness of the canards of the Eisenhower Administration, the fear based militarism of the Cold War and a recognition that all was not well with a good portion of the population. There was also for many, a hope for purposefulness in their own lives, beyond marriage, house in the suburbs, new car and two kids.

Arriving on the scene, promising to revitalize the country, was JFK, a brilliant speaker, handsome man and charismatic leader. He won a close election against the unlikable Richard Nixon and proceeded to galvanize the nation with the dreams of his New Frontier. JFK also was the source of great enmity among the Washington Establishment. Seen as nouveau riche by the plutocracy, too idealistic and naïve by the Defense, State Departments and CIA, hated by J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI, too “Nigra Friendly” for Southern racists and a threat to the “business as usual” Corporate status quo. He was murdered on a Friday Afternoon in 1963 as my University suspended activities and I sat with friends stunned with grief listening to a car radio and puffing Marlboro’s. That day is etched permanently in my mind and the disturbing events that followed it throughout those turbulent 1960’s forever changed the way I viewed the world. Lee Harvey Oswald was improbably murdered as I watched on TV that Sunday; a flawed Warren Commission Report arrived filled with holes; the murder of Martin Luther King and then Bobby Kennedy; along with the prosecution of a vicious and illegal war; with all this my faith in American Democracy and exceptionalism faded into skeptical disbelief. Life for us ordinary citizens, however, still went on and pleasure, friends, lovers, spouses, families and careers took up most of our time and attention.  Nevertheless I devoured everything I could read about the JFK murder and indeed about the history taking place as I lived my mundane life. Recently a book brought all those strange feelings back to the surface and provided a possible explanation why our world seems so much crazier these days.

The book I want to discuss is “Family of Secrets” subtitled “The Bush Dynasty, America’s Invisible Government, And the Hidden History of The Last Fifty Years”. It is written by Russ Baker, an investigative journalist formerly of the New York Times. His excellent website is: http://whowhatwhy.com/. While George W. Bush was President I and others kept referring to the Administration as “The Bush Crime Family”. Reading this book, if it gives the true picture, I didn’t know how accurate that appellation could be. This is a book of more than 500 pages of narrative and perhaps 100 more pages of notes and footnotes. Thus it is far too large for me to provide more than a review and overview. To be honest I can’t do the book justice, simply because it provides a narrative that captures you into this sordid tale of a plutocratic America family and because knowing the outcomes of much it discusses, I found that I could only read it in spurts, so painful were its revelations.

Let me summarize it in this manner. The Bush Family dating back to Senator Prescott Bush has aspired to not only great power, but great wealth and has operated as both representative and agents of the “elite” class of American families, who believe it is both their destiny and their duty to rule this country, through whatever means available. In the minds of this class they are beyond the restraints of the U.S. Constitution and the U.S. Legal System. At times this “elite” acted as both partners of and agents for, foreign interests and indeed see the aims of those interests identical to their own.

When discussing specific Bush family member’s deeds, the highlights are as follows:

Sen. Prescott Bush: Co-conspirator in a plot to overthrow FDR. Financier of NAZI causes via a banking partnership with John Foster and Alan Dulles. Head of the Senate Intelligence Oversight Committee approving/abetting CIA foreign assassinations.

President George (Poppy) H.W. Bush: High Level CIA Agent. Possible Conspirator in the JFK Assassination.  Possible Conspirator in the Watergate Affair as a CIA plot to remove Richard Nixon. Major Conspirator and Impeller of the Iran/Contra Affair. Started the First Iraq War. Possible 9/11 conspirator.

George W. Bush: Possible role in 9/11. Creator of a War Against Iraq, Terror, etc., etc., etc. Approved torture as a viable intelligence method. Approved unconstitutional methods of surveillance of citizens. Bankrupted the country with tax cuts targeted to the “elite” and bailed out a corrupt banking system, with no strings attached.

Obviously, these are pretty heady and serious claims for an author to make. Russ Baker, from my view, backs up what he says with pristine documentation and with supplying the complex context of interlocking individuals. What I find the most amazing is how he shows that the Bush Family friendships and alliances go across party lines and the specific individuals who are all intertwined with these major events to produce a convincing case for foul deeds and conspiracies that could leave us all with a bitter view of the history we’ve been fed.

Let me provide my own possible schematic scenario for some of this thread of history:

  1. Eisenhower, astute in military politics, yet a novice in national politics is offered the Republican nomination and is elected President. His advisers help him choose John Foster Dulles and his brother Alan, both closely aligned with Wall Street, oil interests and the CIA. These extreme cold warriors shape US foreign policy. Ike’s heart attack causes him to allow Richard Nixon to assume many Administration intelligence duties and foreign policy roles. With Nixon as its “case officer” the invasion of Cuba is planned. Nixon unexpectedly loses the Presidency to JFK, who Nixon believes stole the election. As he leaves office Ike cautions Americans to “beware of the Military Industrial Complex.
  2. George H.W. (Poppy) Bush goes into the oil business a novice, yet through his father’s connections establishes alliances with some of the biggest players in Texas oil. Establishes a company with two divisions. One is a CIA front and Bush travels the world presumably as a CIA operative, on purported oil business, even though many locations visited have little to do with oil.
  3. JFK reluctantly approves what becomes the “Bay of Pigs” operation, but refuses to back it up with a US invasion. Thereby gaining the enmity of the CIA and Foreign Policy Establishment. JFK’s experience with the Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis leads him and RFK to become suspicious of the Foreign Policy/Defense “Experts” within his administration and their advice. As the US involvement in Viet Nam starts to escalate, giving lie to the “Experts” advice he begins to contemplate withdrawal from Viet Nam. He is murdered 11/22/63. George (Poppy) Bush is in Dallas on that day, as was Nixon the night before.
  4. LBJ becomes President. Appoints the Warren Commission led by Alan Dulles, who was fired by JFK and hated him. LBJ and Poppy Bush both were closely involved with Texas power firm Brown & Root Corporation, which had CIA ties and later became Haliburton. Warren Commission Report focuses solely on Oswald, refuses to deal with inconsistencies of his history. Gerald Ford develops the “single bullet” theory. LBJ escalates the Viet Nam War pleasing the Defense/Foreign Policy “Experts”. Opposition to the war grows. Poppy Bush fails in bid to become Senator, becomes Congressman, still maintains covert CIA ties.
  5. War Protest Movement keeps growing, while Martin Luther King is morphing the Civil Rights Movement into a general movement for economic justice and against the War. CIA and FBI institute COINTELPRO. MLK assassinated as he begins to speak out more against the Viet Nam War. RFK assassinated after he wins the California Democratic Primary and becomes likely Presidential nominee. Democratic Convention riots lead to Humphrey nomination. Nixon ekes out Presidency in 1968 election.
  6. Nixon further escalates Viet Nam War. He names Poppy Bush Ambassador to China despite lack of qualification. Nixon/Kissinger cut “Experts” out of Foreign Policy and negotiate détente with China, decried by Defense/CIA/”Experts who are all “Cold Warriors”. “Plumbers” unit formed in White House, members all tied to CIA and Poppy Bush. Amateurishly bungled Watergate Burglary performed by intelligence professionals. Nixon reelected but Watergate becomes big deal. Bob Woodward, with past CIA ties, begins investigation with Carl Bernstein. Woodward gains information from “Deep Throat” that is damning. John Dean, who also has ties to Poppy Bush blabs to Congress. Andrew Jaworski, an old friend of Poppy Bush, becomes Special Prosecutor after Cox fired. Poppy Bush becomes head of Republican Party. Poppy Bush advises Nixon to resign for the good of the Party. Gerald Ford becomes President and surprises Poppy Bush by not naming Poppy Bush Vice President. Ford pardons Nixon before full charges are brought and so many details lost as the investigation stops.

Having only superficially summarized some of the details from Family of Secrets I will stop here in 1976 because this would become far too long a post were I to continue my summarization up to the present day, as does the book. My lack of detail is necessary because the connections made by the book are so intricate as to defy retelling in as short a space as I’m allowed. Here is Russ Baker himself speaking on these matters:http://whowhatwhy.com/2012/02/12/russ-baker-on-deep-history-and-little-known-origins-of-current-problems/

Here also is a direct quote from Russ Baker talking about why as we near the 50th Anniversary of JFK’s murder there is so little talk as to the strange circumstances surrounding it:

In any case, none of the films that Hollywood seems willing to tackle touch on what the great, great mass of careful investigation, research and scholarship has shown over the years—the extremely high likelihood that JFK’s death was a covert operation engineered by exactly the kinds of people whose profession was to displace leaders and carry out military-precision operations under cover. (My own book, Family of Secrets, has four chapters of new, abundantly documented and heavily footnoted material on the Kennedy assassination, including the answer to why George H.W. Bush cannot remember where he was on Nov. 22, 1963—and there are many other fine books, both recent vintage and released over the years, which carefully lay out enough evidence to settle the matter to all but the most closed-minded. Examples here, here, and here.)

Nearly half a century after the death of a President, who took bold steps against abuses by the one percent of the one percent, we are still in denial about how and why he died. Our leading institutions and individuals are not only scared to talk about the truth, but glad to cynically profit from tired lies and evasions. http://whowhatwhy.com/2012/01/23/the-deaths-of-jfk-rfk%E2%80%94and-the-silence-of-the-lambs/

My own view of the history Russ Baker reveals is that it not only seems plausible, but explains so many of the inconsistencies most people see in our history, but either ignore, or at a loss to explain. While all of this information is rather glum there is some hope to be derived from it. The Bush Family may well be plotters and executors of plots, but they are not omnipotent. G.H.W. Bush would not have been a one-term President if that were the case. I’ve said before, that I do believe that our country is run by a loosely connected oligarchy, from which the only redeeming feature is their own internal battles for power and the egos behind those struggles. Please understand though that because the JFK murder takes up a good part of my meanderings here, that is but the tip of an iceberg concealed below its apparent surface, a conspiracy of violence and greed that makes a mockery of America’s Constitution and its values. Some other links that I recommend to you to assist in your contextualizing this information:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK_assassination_theories

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Commission

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFK_assassination

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLK_assassination

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COINTELPRO

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_%26_Root

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Jaworski

Submitted by: Mike Spindell, Guest Blogger


83 thoughts on “A Real History of the Last Sixty-Two Years?”

  1. Presidential Puppetry: Obama, Romney and Their Masters [Paperback]
    Andrew Kreig (Author) May 2013

    http://www.amazon.com/Presidential-Puppetry-Obama-Romney-Masters/dp/0988672804/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1369006914&sr=1-1#reader_0988672804
    An encyclopedia of truth. May 1, 2013
    Reviewed By Bruce E. Woych

    Presidential Puppetry is the dark political realism of power politics lurking in shadows away from mainstream media attention or public scrutiny. It is “real politik” under abusive forms of control fraud and succession planning coordinated and plotted by power consolidation and concentration that is taking over American Democracy. Andrew Kreig has produced a virtual encyclopedia of disclosures based upon his articulated exposure of this systemic institutionalized political capture, and shows it as deeply entrenched in our own “intelligence community” and capital structures. A culture of corruption and political deception has emerged on a global scale since the cold war and the new Trojan Horse is centered right inside the Gates of Washington DC.,… Indeed, it has been brought into the White House itself. \
    This is current events from deep levels of deception and power, and Mr. Kreig does a good job presenting the materials professionally and credibly.

  2. Uploaded on Feb 27, 2012

    Wikileaks has just released over 5 million emails from the Texas-headquartered “global intelligence” company Stratfor, that were obtained via Anonymous in December 2011
    Wikileaks Press Conference Regarding 5 Million Stratfor Email Leak

  3. http://www.globalresearch.ca/obamas-financial-crimes-enforcement-network-protects-bank-fraud-and-insider-trading/5328252
    Obama’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Protects Bank Fraud and Insider Trading
    Obama’s New SEC ‘Sheriff.’ No Conflict of Interest When it Comes to Shielding Wall Street’s Pin Striped Mafia

    “…when it comes to US spy agencies probing and sweeping up your financial information, well, the sky’s the limit!

    As Reuters reported last week, the administration “is drawing up plans” to give securocrats “full access to a massive database that contains financial data on American citizens and others who bank in the country, according to a Treasury Department document.”

    That Treasury plan would give secret state apparatchiks, including those ensconced at CIA, NSA and the Pentagon free reign to rummage through the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network’s (FinCEN) massive database of “suspicious activity reports” routinely filed by “banks, securities dealers, casinos and money and wire transfer agencies.” The FBI and DHS already have full access to that database under the Orwellian USA Patriot Act.

    Under the proposal, FinCen data will be linked “with a computer network used by US defense and law enforcement agencies to share classified information called the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System,” according to Reuters.”

    http://www.globalresearch.ca/obamas-financial-crimes-enforcement-network-protects-bank-fraud-and-insider-trading/5328252

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  5. Alfred,Lord Tennyson : Ulysses

    It little profits that an idle king1,
    By this still hearth, among these barren crags,
    Matched with an agèd wife, I mete and dole
    Unequal laws unto a savage race,
    That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.

    I cannot rest from travel: I will drink
    Life to the lees: all times I have enjoyed
    Greatly, have suffered greatly, both with those
    That loved me, and alone; on shore, and when
    Through scudding drifts the rainy Hyades2
    Vexed the dim sea: I am become a name;
    For always roaming with a hungry heart
    Much have I seen and known; cities of men
    And manners, climates, councils, governments,
    Myself not least, but honoured of them all;
    And drunk delight of battle with my peers,
    Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy3.
    I am a part of all that I have met;
    Yet all experience is an arch wherethrough
    Gleams that untravelled world, whose margin fades
    For ever and for ever when I move.
    How dull it is to pause, to make an end,
    To rust unburnished, not to shine in use!
    As though to breathe were life. Life piled on life
    Were all too little, and of one to me
    Little remains: but every hour is saved
    From that eternal silence, something more,
    A bringer of new things; and vile it were
    For some three suns to store and hoard myself,
    And this grey spirit yearning in desire
    To follow knowledge like a sinking star,
    Beyond the utmost bound of human thought.

    This my son, mine own Telemachus,
    To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle�
    Well-loved of me, discerning to fulfil
    This labour, by slow prudence to make mild
    A rugged people, and through soft degrees
    Subdue them to the useful and the good.
    Most blameless is he, centred in the sphere
    Of common duties, decent not to fail
    In offices of tenderness, and pay
    Meet adoration to my household gods,
    When I am gone. He works his work, I mine.

    There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail:
    There gloom the dark broad seas. My mariners,
    Souls that have toiled, and wrought, and thought
    with me�
    That ever with a frolic welcome took
    The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed
    Free hearts, free foreheads�you and I are old;
    Old age hath yet his honour and his toil;
    Death closes all: but something ere the end,
    Some work of noble note, may yet be done,
    Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods.
    The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks:
    The long day wanes: the slow moon climbs: the deep
    Moans round with many voices. Come, my friends,
    ‘Tis not too late to seek a newer world.
    Push off, and sitting well in order smite
    The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds
    To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
    Of all the western stars, until I die.
    It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:
    It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles4,
    And see the great Achilles5, whom we knew
    Though much is taken, much abides; and though
    We are not now that strength which in old days
    Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are;
    One equal temper of heroic hearts,
    Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
    To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

    Alfred,Lord Tennyson (1809-1892) 1833

    FOOTNOTES
    1 In this poem, Ulysses (the Roman for Odysseus and the hero of Homer’s Iliad and the Odyssey), now an old man, having returned to Ithaca after twenty years absence and much adventure, has grown restless, and is now contemplating setting out with his crew again; 2 a constellation of stars associated with rain; 3 site of the Trojan wars of which Ulysses was a hero; 4 the Elysian Fields, believed by some to be the resting place of heroes after death; 5 Greek hero of the Trojan wars who suffered an early death

  6. Mike: Thank you deeply. I must say that it “hurts” to take the stance I have established and it is no easy task to go against the cultural narrative. There is something very real in the presentation of your article and the material support that goes to the heart of my own idealism. but that idealism is one of a resolve that is all bu muted by the apparent “real politik” that we can not escape. I think we saw a windos left unguarded for a moment in time. I think that is difficult to translate to these successive generations. But we can try…and we must not forget that the purpose is not only to deconstruct or decompose that which seems to perpetually corrupt our lives, our life, our culture and our world…but to organize and construct the ecological and cultural corrections with true life potentials for all people that we know (deep down) is possible…even if it seems improbable at this time.

    Lest we forger these real politik links have roots in succession planning and cold war shadows of gray. The control fraud of leadership is not outside the realm of false flag variations in those shades of gray. It is essential that these questions be raised responsibly and not be suppressed by the treadmill of political consensus and narrative marketing practices that ostracize the real journalists doing an impossible job against the tides and currents that dictate to careers. I have been wondering why our own Presidents exposure to Suharto has never been explored. It seems an honest scrutiny to hold as a standard for the most powerful human position on this earth at this juncture of historic transition. This seems to me more than simple neglect…perhaps it truly would threaten a critical journalist, or a critical anthropologist with more than just a figurative threat, fear marketing or perhaps eventual “National Security” legitimated and justified terrorism to conform and dumb down to a political consensus that is too dangerous to whisper in the halls of a “republic” gone exclusively power manic in a zero sum democracy. The insidious destruction of our moral compass and a neo-militarized generation is now being manipulated; and it does not seem to be for ideals that I support. In fact, it does not feel American period!

    Happy Easter Brother;
    and Peace!
    Bruce

    1. Bruce,

      Your mention of classic poetry and especially homer’s work actually speaks to where I’m coming from with most of what I write here. I believe that what we see in America is not really different from the way the world has always been run since humanity first evolved into complex society’s. Power and strength has always ruled. Those rulers and their minions have always arrogated to themselves the belief that they were somehow chosen to lead and certainly more “entitled” and perceptive than the masses. What is the Iliad if not a condemnation of the egos of leaders that lead humans to death and tragedy affecting the average person? In both works the most perceptive of the “heroes” is Odysseus. Though a great warrior he is loath to waste his life on the pettiness of “the great me”. He survives by guile, more so then by his strength. His guile sees beyond the “fog” of propaganda laid down by the “great” leaders like Agamemnon, whose “cause” (avenging his cuckolding) leads to the death and destruction of a magnificent civilization. Homer shows probably the most decent and noble of all the “heroes”, Hector, destroyed by his loyalty. All these themes are little different today.

      America’s mythology has convinced itself that somehow we are different in our “democratic purity”, but the reality is that the “democracy” is merely the
      “show” that keeps us all from seeing how things really are run. Humanity’s salvation will not come from political philosophy, but from evolution of understanding by the great mass of people that our “leaders” act “sociopathically”, whether or not that is their clinical diagnosis. Humans need to evolve beyond tribal loyalty, to a sense of the interrelation of us all. How this happens I don’t know, but happen it must. My strategy, if it could be called such, is to try to help people see beyond the propaganda and mythology, to understand they need to stop looking for “mythic heroes” to lead us. Politically, I fight for whatever will do the least harm to most of us, which is why I halfheartedly supported Obama, though he is so much less than he pretends to be. I use optimism as my shield against the skepticism that knowledge has taught me. It keeps me purposeful and allows me to hope that the future of my progeny will be better than I intellectually expect.

      1. That was beautifully said and so true to the human condition. And in truth, antiquity did in turns destroy their worlds once and over again. The critical transition today is that we are on the brink of destroying the ecological world not just ourselves. There will be no renewal and the connection to the earth is being severed.
        i suppose many of us thought that supporting Obama might revive a chance at that renewal, but it seems that it didn’t even buy us time. Romney would have been an internal cancer; more immediate perhaps and representing big financial corruption. Obama supports big financial corruption because it pays for an international agenda that is inevitably being turned back on the USA as well. It seems the “next” election is the best of all possible worlds…but warnings about the domestic stability are already coming home to roost: http://www.commondreams.org/view/2013/03/28-5
        Ellen Brown: Think Cyprus Confiscation Scheme Can’t Happen Here? Think Again
        http://www.commondreams.org/view/2013/03/28-5

        I think of Robert Oppenhiemer’s tormented face as he quotes the Gita:‘Now I am become death, the destroyer of the worlds’ (BhG.XI.32).

        The paradox of triumph and cosmic tragedy: Time and decay; natural compost for re-composition but not in this Brave new world. Here time is money; and history has become time. It seems we will not need a deity to destroy the world…we will do it ourselves!

  7. Dirty Wars: Jeremy Scahill & Rick Rowley’s New Film Exposes Hidden Truths of Cove (Interview) Democracy Now…

    1. Bruce,

      Thank you as usual for your prolific contributions. I’ve been siling of lste so I haven’t been able to write much, but I just wanted to acknowledge your pertinent input and that we are coming from a similar place.

  8. Dirty Wars: Jeremy Scahill & Rick Rowley’s New Film Exposes Hidden Truths of Covert U.S. Warfare 2/2
    DemocracyNow.org –
    Dirty Wars: Jeremy Scahill & Rick Rowley’s New Film Exposes Hidden Truths of Cove

  9. http://www.thenation.com/blog/172350/jeremy-scahill-obamas-covert-wars-contradict-his-rhetoric (VIDEO)

    Jeremy Scahill: Obama’s Covert Wars Contradict His Rhetoric
    Nation in the News on January 22, 2013 – 5:12 PM ET
    Barack Obama condemned “perpetual war” in his inaugural speech Monday, even as he continues to wage covert wars around the world. Rather than reversing trends towards secrecy and militarization that started during the Bush administration, Obama instead has expanded drone attacks, continued to employ the states secrets privilege and allowed special forces to operate in countries where we are not at war, Nation Institute fellow Jeremy Scahill told Amy Goodman Tuesday on Democracy Now! (VIDEO)

    Scahill appeared on the show with director Rick Rowley to discuss their new film at the Sundance Film Festival, Dirty Wars: The World is a Battlefield, in which the two report from Afghanistan, Somalia and Yemen.

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