The Taliban seems to be adopting a bizarre version of “safe space” rhetoric from Western universities. Chancellor Mohammad Ashraf Ghairat tweeted this week that women would be barred from campus until a “safe Islamic environment” can be created for their education. Notably, as this picture shows, men and women once studied together in the 1940s and 1950s. However, the Taliban banned women from going to school in their prior government in the 1990s.
On Monday, Ghairat tweeted: “Folks! I give you my words as the chancellor of Kabul University: as long as real Islamic environment is not provided for all, women will not be allowed to come to universities or work. Islam first.”
Ghairat later lashed out at the New York Times for reporting this as a ban on Tuesday: “I haven’t said that we will never allow women to attend universities or go to work, I meant that until we create an Islamic environment, women will have to stay at home. We work hard to creat safe Islamic environment soon,.”
Presumably, the safe spaces will protect women from harmful ideas and practices as well as intermixing with men on campuses.
The New York Times noted that Ghairat is a 34-year-old hardcore Taliban believer who once referred to the country’s schools as “centers for prostitution.”
The imposition of extreme Islamic restrictions on women in Afghanistan has been horrific to watch. An entire generation of women now face erasure from society. Even though the Taliban has promised to be more moderate in their policies, a moderate Taliban policy still embodies extremely sexist and authoritarian doctrines, particularly for women.
Putting aside the denial of human rights, the Taliban is showing again the sheer lunacy of their movement. In a country that is struggling to keep essential services flowing, they are pushing half of the population away from educational and professional opportunities that could help their country transcend these worsening conditions.
Unconditional surrender, billions of dollars in redistributive state-of-the-art military housewarming gifts, people… persons left behind, and nation building with the Taliban of Al-Qaeda safe sanctuary fame. One step forward, two steps backward. Hopefully, this will not progress as Obama’s premature evacuation, reordered claims, and wars without borders (e.g. Iraq War 2.0) from Tripoli to Kiev.
The tweet was bogus. That chancellor doesn’t have a Twitter account (it belonged to a student making a joke).
CNN never bothered to check.
General Milley said, Strategically, the war is lost, the enemy is in Kabul. So you have a strategic failure while you simultaneously have an operational and tactical success, emphasis mine.
The bolded text is a perfect description of the outcome of Democratic party policies. That is of course assuming they share with the majority of the American people a desire to uphold the rule of law and secure the rights of all Americans to life, liberty and property. Take the Defund the Police movement. If you cut budgets, reduce the number of law enforcement personnel and restrict the use of force, you will likely achieve operational or tactical success in the reduction of lethal encounters by law enforcement. But strategically, you will fail to accomplish the primary purpose of law enforcement; To Protect and To Serve.
After 8 months of Biden’s presidency, is there anything he has done that has been strategically, operationally or tactically good for all of our citizens? Anything?
Olly asks:
“After 8 months of Biden’s presidency, is there anything he has done that has been strategically, operationally or tactically good for all of our citizens? Anything?”
Yes. He has shined a spotlight on the need to study the effects of aging on the deterioration of mental health?
Now, are you going to argue even with that? I think I finally got you to agree with something I have said!
For what it is worth, I agree with you totally.
I figured you might, but Olly is a much harder nut to crack. I think I might have boxed him in so that he can’t avoid agreeing with me at least once no matter how distasteful that may be.
Milley also said that Trump’s ridiculous agreement with the Taliban demoralized the Afghan government to the point that they just gave up, and that’s why the ensuing chaos. He also said that 2,500 troops would need to be enlarged because there would be fights, skirmishes, etc with the Taliban that would require standing down or reinforcing troops, so the cycle would start all over again..Senator Tammy Duckworth explained why people are always “left behind”, and she knows from first-hand experience, since her father was involved in the evacuation of Viet Nam.. In Viet Nam, what about the tens of thousands of children fathered by U.S. servicemen that were denied US citizenship for years and years? They got left behind. Over 124,000 people got out of Afghanistan in a relatively short period of time, and more have been allowed to leave. The Afghanistan fiasco is finally over. America never had any leverage to compel a continuing presence there after Trump’s disastrous agreement with the Taliban. If you Trumpsters believe that a continuing presence or an air base was necessary, then why didn’t your hero arrange for this? You cannot now be heard to complain about a lack of continuing presence when Trump didn’t foresee the need and set the stage for all troops to be withdrawn.
You Trumpsters have an amazing ability to only hear the Hannity soundbites and tune out everything else. What “rule of law” do you want upheld? Trump has violated so many of them, I don’t know where to start.
Yes, Biden has done wonderful things for this country, despite Republican push-backs on everything. The economy is improving and would be further along, but COVID is not under control as well as it should be, due to “vaccine hesitancy” and refusal to get vaccinated, all politically-motivated by Republicans to try to hamstring Biden’s success, just like everything else they do. The latest is to refuse to raise the debt ceiling. Republicans think that if the stock market crashes and Social Security checks are delayed, that they can leverage this with voters. The Democrats never did this to them, and much of the debt we have now is Trump’s fault.
What did Trump do other than trash the successful economy inherited from Obama, let the pandemic get out of control, alienate our allies, foment an insurrection that nearly brought down our country, and constantly lie? Anything good?
Natacha asks:
“What did Trump do other than trash the successful economy inherited from Obama, let the pandemic get out of control, alienate our allies, foment an insurrection that nearly brought down our country, and constantly lie? Anything good?”
Absolutely. For future generations, Trump will serve as a sterling example of the risk of electing a naked demagogue and TV celebrity as President.
The only question is whether the “Trump Library,” an oxymoron if ever there was, will BAN all the dozens of books describing the sh*tshow that was his presidency.
Another thing: he proved just how gullible some Americans who felt threatened by the success of our first black POTUS can be–they believe The Big Lie, despite never-ending proof to the contrary, despite multiple recounts, despite dozens of failed court challenges, despite all polls predicting Trump’s loss, and despite an historic run of low approval ratings—all because Trump said so, reinforced by alt-right media, which is something we’ve never seen before. Trumpsters keep holding onto the Big Lie, which at minimum is causing some Americans to question the validity of our elections–all without any proof of widespread election fraud and despite audits and recounts. Real conservatives are very worried about the future of this country, because is this what’s going to happen every time someone who loses an election decides his ego can’t handle the truth? Will there ever be finality to elections so this country can get down to the real issues we face? Trump lost big time to Biden, but he just won’t shut up or go away, and neither will Republicans. Republicans are doing everything humanly possible to bring down Biden’s presidency–by facilitating and refusing to stand against the Big Lie, by trying to block investigations into the Trump Insurrection, by the phony “hearings” to “investigate” the withdrawal from Afghanistan, which are nothing more than opportunities to make political arguments rather than actually get to the truth–which is that the chaotic withdrawal is mostly Trump’s fault because of the crummy deal he made with the Taliban, which lead to the collapse of the Afghan government.
Natacha asks:
“Will there ever be finality to elections so this country can get down to the real issues we face?”
With any luck, this country will never produce a pathological liar like Trump who might ascend to the presidency. Trump is sui generis. I hope the majority of the population has learned a hard-earned lesson never again to vote for a malignant narcissist.
So, after Trump, politics may revert to the norm. The problem lies in the fact that Trumpism has sown seeds of doubt into our politics that may lay dormant only to be revived when another demagogue emerges from the fold and plays to the same irrational fears that once animated the Trumpists.
Whether various strains of Trumpism will plague us for many years to come depends upon the extent to which Trump and his family are disgraced for being corrupt. That will depend upon the outcomes of the various criminal prosecutions and civil trials he faces. Of course, a lot of Trumpists will refuse to accept the damning findings and guilty verdicts of these various courts, but enough of them will come to realize that Trump is a fraud and renounce him. Certainly Republican politicians will- given the political cover afforded by these court decisions.
And Turley will defend the legitimacy of these court rulings against all the blowback from the die-hards. He will aid Fox News in its efforts to marginalize Trump to the fringe Rightwing media, e.g., Infowars and OAN. Fox wants to move past Trump if he has been disgraced; Hannity, Carlson and Ingraham do not want to invest their time in a loser.
Where are America’s leaders?
They’re just hurting themselves by requiring the talent of half their population to be wasted. Something I’ve never understood about groups like Taliban is the biological fact that half of their genetic inheritance came from their mothers, so whatever natural benefits they believe they were born with, like their intelligence, skills, talents or whatever, came equally from their mother. It’s like wasting natural resources that you need for survival.
Jonathan: The Taliban bans women from Kabul University. Are we surprised? Back here in the good ole USA trends are going in the opposite direction. Now women outnumber men at universities–60% to 40%. Wow! Where are college educated women going to find a suitable mate? How about the exclusively male students at Kabul University?
On an unrelated topic in several columns you have charged that Hunter Biden ( and by implication his father) has been involved in “peddling schemes” abroad worth millions–a “scandal” you say has been ignored by the mass media. One claim circulating now is that the Biden family owns part of the biggest Chinese lithium battery company–Contemporary Amperex Technology (CAT) that makes batteries for BMW. Volkswagen, Mercedes Benz, etc. This claim was also promoted by Donald Trump. Well, the mass media has investigated these claims by looking at President Biden’s financial disclosure statements and other official records. What did they find? Neither Biden nor any member of his family holds any stake in CAT. The only investment in China was Hunter Biden in 2018 who took a stake in a Chinese private equity firm. So far as I can tell nothing illegal or corrupt for a private US citizen investing in a Chinese company, But since Giuliani, because of all his legal problems, has given up trying to dig up dirt on the Bidens, you will no doubt continue the search.
On the Use of Violence as a “Bastardization” of the Koran
Some people need to read (and understand) the Koran and grasp the nature of Islam.
See for example, from here:
“The vast majority of Muslim scholars both past as well as present” consider apostasy “a crime deserving the death penalty” . . .
To here:
“. . . the world’s most popular website on the topic of Islam generally (apart from the website of an Islamic bank).”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam
It does no good to cite other scholars or “peaceful” passages from the Koran. The Koran, like the Bible, is riddled with contradictions — where one can find a justification for almost anything. And that is part of the problem. If your guiding text is that inconsistent, perhaps there’s something wrong with its ideology.
Finally, to claim that today’s Islamic barbarism and totalitarianism (see Iran) is a “bastardization” of the Koran, is to evade some 1400 years of Islamic brutality. (And you are evading today’s “fatwas.”)
When you elevate faith over reason, you get the logical result: physical force as the only means of settling disputes.
And are people in the West really surprised by any of this? If so, contact me about some sea front property in Kansas
Meanwhile, the Taliban business model seems to be alive and well in Australia.
https://www.theblaze.com/news/australia-lockdown-protests-police-melbourne-video
“[W]omen will not be allowed to come to universities or work. Islam first.”
Meet your “businesslike and professional” Taliban.
What did anyone expect from radical Islamists? The hubris (i.e. ACTUAL racism and cultural tone-deafness) of the ‘Great White Saviors’ on the left is in full effect. The Taliban are not simply going to ‘behave’. Apparently there are fake Twitter accounts posing as Taliban leadership, and those at Twitter are just fine leaving them be. Biden and his ilk took opportunity away from entire generations, just as they are doing here.
Let one woman in and look what happens. One leads to two, two leads to three, before you know it women are having careers, becoming professionals. What’s next, the Whitehouse. Yeah, I want sharia law in this country.
I hope you are joking. Female scientists like Madame Marie Curie, Rosalind Franklin (DNA Crystallography and DNA structure expert), Francoise Barre-Sinoussi (co-discoverer of HIV), Gertrude Bell Elion (discovered many antiviral drugs), and many many more have led to discoveries within the medical sciences that have benefitted all of us.
I am.
Alll my doctors are women. I’ve talked to other retired guys my age and we all agree. Women doctors seem to care about you more than men.
Turley says:
“Putting aside the denial of human rights, the Taliban is showing again the sheer lunacy of their movement.”
Movement? Don’t you mean their religion?
I reject their religion as I do all irrational religious beliefs. However, who are we to argue with their fundamentalist interpretation of their religion? After all, the Taliban are men of deep faith. They reject the Koran as a “living document.” Rather, they are “strict constructionists” not unlike are most Conservative Supreme Court Justices who interpret the wording of our Constitution literally.
JeffSilberman wrote, “Movement? Don’t you mean their religion?”
No, he wrote what he meant to write.
It IS a movement, a violent authoritarian (adjective) movement, based on a b-a-s-t-a-r-d-i-z-a-t-i-o-n of the Koran.
Steve wrote:
“It IS a movement, a violent authoritarian (adjective) movement, based on a b-a-s-t-a-r-d-i-z-a-t-i-o-n of the Koran.”
Well, excuse me, I hadn’t realized that there was anyone here who professed to be a Koranic scholar.
Please enlighten us with your intimate knowledge of the book….and where, pray tell, did you study Islam?
Thanks.
Let’s make something perfectly clear; I have never professed to be a Koranic scholar and I did not do so here. I don’t actually need to be a scholar on the Koran because there are plenty of Koranic scholars out there openly denouncing groups like the Taliban. But of course trolls like JeffSilberman choose to completely ignore actual Koranic scholars so they can continue to use their false narratives and irrational comparisons to attack those they disagree with. Trolls like JeffSilberman are ignorantly proud partisan bigotsº.
That said…
There were seventy scholars from three Muslim nations that issued a fatwa back in 2018 that said violent extremism and terrorism violate the principles of Islam. If what these violent Islamic fundamentalists are doing in the name of Islam violate the principles of Islam then what they are doing is literally a b-a-s-t-a-r-d-i-z-a-t-i-o-n¹ of the Koran which is the basis of Islam. Here is what actual Koranic scholars stated in their fatwa…
That’s not my opinion JeffSilberman, that’s directly from the mouths of real Koranic scholars. That was not the first time and it won’t likely be the last time that large groups of Koranic scholars have publicly denounced violent groups like the Taliban.
The Taliban is a political organization controlling a cultish violent political movement², yes it’s a movement, that’s using a b-a-s-t-a-r-d-i-z-e-d interpretation of the Koran to immorally rationalize their violent movement to gain political power. For the Taliban it’s all about total authoritarian³ control over the people.
ºBigot: noun, a person who is obstinately or unreasonably attached to a belief, opinion, or faction, especially one who is prejudiced against or antagonistic toward a person or people on the basis of their membership of a particular group.
¹B-a-s-t-a-r-d-i-z-e: change (something) in such a way as to lower its quality or value, typically by adding new elements.
²Political Movement: is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values.
³Authoritarian: adjective, favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority, especially that of the government, at the expense of personal freedom.
Now a special personal note to JeffSilberman; FO troll.
Steve quotes Koranic scholars:
“We reaffirm that violence and terrorism cannot and should not be associated with any religion, nationality, civilization or ethnic group, as violent extremism and terrorism in all its forms and manifestation including violence against civilians and suicide attacks are against the holy principles of Islam.”
Okay, but we were not talking about fatwas, but rather the Taliban banning women from university! Is *that* viewpoint a bastardization of the Koran? It would not be the only religion which preaches that a woman’s place is in the home.
BTW, you may not be a Koranic scholar, but you clearly are an expert in formatting a post. I could learn a lot from you on how to bold text and the use of footnotes. Very impressive!
Well said Steve. I’ve had lengthy conversations about this point with a good friend and colleague who is Muslum. He would wholeheartedly confirm your comment.
Somebody needs to read (or re-read) the Koran:
“The vast majority of Muslim scholars both past as well as present” consider apostasy “a crime deserving the death penalty”, according to Abdul Rashided Omar writing circa 2007.[24] Some of the leading lights include:
Abul A’la Maududi (1903-1979), who “by the time of his death had become the most widely read Muslim author of our time”, according to one source.
Mohammed al-Ghazali (1917–1996), considered an Islamic “moderate”[142] and “preeminent” faculty member of Egypt’s preeminent Islamic institution—Al Azhar University− as well as a valuable ally of the Egyptian government in its struggle against the “growing tide of Islamic fundamentalism”,[143] was “widely credited” with contributing to the 20th century Islamic revival in the largest Arabic country, Egypt.[144] (Al-Ghazali was on record as declaring all those who opposed the implementation of sharia law to be apostates who should ideally be punished by the state, but “when the state fails to punish apostates, somebody else has to do it”.[145][144]
Yusuf al-Qaradawi (b.1926), another “moderate” Islamist,[146] chairman of the International Union of Muslim Scholars,[147] who as of 2009 was “considered one of the most influential” Islamic scholars living.[148][149][150]
Zakir Naik, Indian Islamic televangelist and preacher,[151] whose Peace TV channel, reaches a reported 100 million viewers,[152][153] and whose debates and talks are widely distributed,[154][155][153] supports the death penalty only for those apostates who “propagate the non-Islamic faith and speak against Islam” as he considers it treason.[156][154]
Sayyid Muhammad Rizvi, a Shia scholar born in India, studied in Qum, Iran, and as of 2021 the Imam-e Jum‘a and Resident ‘Ãlim of the Jaffari Islamic Center in Canada.[157]
Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid, a Syrian Islamic scholar, considered a respected scholar in the Salafi movement (according to Al Jazeera);[158] and founder of the fatwa website IslamQA,[159] one of the most popular Islamic websites, and (as of November 2015 and according to Alexa.com) the world’s most popular website on the topic of Islam generally (apart from the website of an Islamic bank).[160][161][162]”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam
It does no good to cite other scholars or “peaceful” passages from the Koran. The Koran, like the Bible, is riddled with contradictions — where one can find a justification for almost anything. And that is part of the problem. If your guiding text is that inconsistent, perhaps there’s something wrong with its ideology.
Finally, to claim that today’s Islamic barbarism and totalitarianism (see Iran) is a “bastardization” of the Koran, is to evade some 1400 years of Islamic brutality. (And you are evading today’s “fatwas.”)
When you elevate faith over reason, you get the logical result: physical force as the only means of settling disputes.
Sam says:
“When you elevate faith over reason, you get the logical result: physical force as the only means of settling disputes.”
Amen.
JeffSilberman wrote, “I reject their religion as I do all irrational religious beliefs. However, who are we to argue with their fundamentalist interpretation of their religion? After all, the Taliban are men of deep faith. They reject the Koran as a “living document.” Rather, they are “strict constructionists” not unlike are most Conservative Supreme Court Justices who interpret the wording of our Constitution literally.”
This is pure unadulterated trolling.
Don’t feed the trolls.
Steve says: “This is pure unadulterated trolling.”
True, my comments are intentionally provocative. If they are too vexing for you, my sympathies.
Let’s see if anyone here can rise to the challenge of disputing my claims unlike you. After all, Turley does not expect us to simply parrot his opinions. We are here to debate them!
TROLL: noun (abbreviated version of internet troll) Those that post inflammatory, extraneous, or off-topic messages in an online community with the deliberate intent of provoking readers into an emotional response or of otherwise disrupting normal on-topic discussion, often for their own amusement.
Admission of being a troll should be grounds for immediate banning, it certainly would be on my blog.
Don’t feed the trolls.
Steve says:
“Admission of being a troll should be grounds for immediate banning, it certainly would be on my blog.”
You are very amusing. I get a kick out of you!
I am already on probation for having violated the civility rule. Have I crossed the line again, Darren, merely for being provocative in good faith?
Steve .. Jeff confuses “debate” with trolling. This definition may come as a shock to him/her/it.
Steve .. Good advice. Let’s let Jeff and EB talk to one another and ignore them both (they never have anything useful or enlightening to say anyway). They seem to be on the same wave length and probably get booted off most discussion threads. Turley is going over and above keeping both on here, but we don’t have to, as you say, feed the trolls.
Giocon1 says:
“Let’s let Jeff and EB talk to one another and ignore them both (they never have anything useful or enlightening to say anyway). They seem to be on the same wave length and probably get booted off most discussion threads. Turley is going over and above keeping both on here, but we don’t have to, as you say, feed the trolls.”
By Jove, I think you finally got it! When you don’t like what someone has to say, you *ignore* them! You don’t *ban* them.
Turley will NEVER ban eb and me unless we are uncivil. Instead, he ignores us as well as everyone here. For Turley, we are all in the same boat- trolls.
Steve .. Good advice. Let’s let Jeff and EB talk to one another and ignore them both (they never have anything useful or enlightening to say anyway). They seem to be on the same wave length and probably get booted off most discussion threads. Turley is going over and above keeping both on here, but we don’t have to, as you say, feed the trolls.
I posted the following study a year or two ago, and it is worth reposting given your comment
Trolls just want to have fun
In two online studies (total N = 1215), respondents completed personality inventories and a survey of their Internet commenting styles. Overall, strong positive associations emerged among online commenting frequency, trolling enjoyment, and troll identity, pointing to a common construct underlying the measures. Both studies revealed similar patterns of relations between trolling and the Dark Tetrad of personality: trolling correlated positively with sadism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism, using both enjoyment ratings and identity scores. Of all personality measures, sadism showed the most robust associations with trolling and, importantly, the relationship was specific to trolling behavior. Enjoyment of other online activities, such as chatting and debating, was unrelated to sadism. Thus cyber-trolling appears to be an Internet manifestation of everyday sadism.
Personality and Individual Differences
Volume 67, September 2014, Pages 97-102
doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016
Keywords
Sadism, Dark Tetrad, Dark Triad, Trolling, Cyber-trolls, Antisocial Internet behavior
free copy here: https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/trolls-just-want-to-have-fun.pdf
To be honest, in high school, I was known as the “class clown” making wisecracks usually at the teacher’s expense. I suppose that I have not grown out of poking fun at fatuousness. I can’t abide people who think they know what they are talking about when they don’t.
Worst of all are bullsh*tters like Trump. Even you Trumpists have got to admit that he is a target-rich persona! Come on! Can you give me that?
Not a Trumpist, but I agree. And I appreciate your ” class clown ” wisecracking. I too was the ” class clown “. Which usually got me a crack across the knuckles with a ruler by the nuns. No, that is not urban legend.
Paul,
I went to a Prep school with a dress code, but it had outlawed corporal punishment by my time. My teachers though could hand out “demerits” each one of which spelled an hour of “detention” on Saturdays. I was proud to have accumulated the highest number in my class! I spent many Saturdays raking leaves.
Is “detention” even legal nowadays? This confession may come back to haunt me as my myriad of detractors on this blog will use this information as grist to sharpen their attacks….
This restriction on women is only surprising to those that are willfully ignorant.
…. is only surprising to those that are willfully
ignorantevilFTFY
“Army Football’s Winning Record In Jeopardy As General Milley Keeps Giving Opponents Their Playbook”
https://babylonbee.com/news/army-footballs-atrocious-record-explained-as-general-milley-has-been-sending-opponents-their-playbook
Estovir wrote “FTFY [Fixed It For You]”
Uh no! What you did was to turn it into nonsense.
You’re reading comprehension is lacking, try reading what I actually wrote not what your mind twisted it into.
What I wrote was factual and logical, what you turned it into was nonsense.
This was supposed to be the only part in bold, “I actually wrote”.
You’re reading comprehension is lacking….
👍🏽
An entire generation of women now face erasure from society
In the words of Joseph Biden, per Washington Post:
“From Saigon to Kabul: Biden’s response to Vietnam echoes in his views of Afghanistan withdrawal”
Annie Linskey
August 15, 2021
A decade ago, Biden suggested that a withdrawal from Afghanistan that left allies feeling betrayed was a reasonable outcome, drawing a comparison to the end of Vietnam. In a private conversation with Richard Holbrooke, who was President Barack Obama’s special envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, Biden argued that the United States does not have an obligation to Afghans who trusted the United States, according to “Our Man,” a biography of Holbrooke by George Packer.
“We don’t have to worry about that,” Biden told Holbrooke, according to the book. “We did it in Vietnam. Nixon and Kissinger got away with it,” he said, referring to President Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger, who was secretary of state to Nixon and Ford. In the same conversation, Biden also reportedly pushed back on the argument that America had a moral obligation to women in Afghanistan.
“I am not sending my boy back there to risk his life on behalf of women’s rights!” Biden said, according the book’s account. “It just won’t work — that’s not what they’re there for.” Biden took a similarly realpolitik view of Southeast Asia.
“I may be the most immoral son of a gun in this room,” Biden said at a Democratic caucus in early 1975 as he argued against aid to Cambodia, according to the Wilmington Morning News. “I’m getting sick and tired of hearing about morality, our moral obligation. There’s a point where you are incapable of meeting moral obligations that exist worldwide.”
At least Biden has a moral position on pronouns.
🤡
Transmoral – a state or process of divergence from moral. Men, women, and babies/fetuses excluded, selectively.