Below is my column in Fox.com on the controversy caused by ABC host Whoopi Goldberg in attacking a local bakery. This could make for an interesting defamation case.

Here is an expanded and updated version of the column:

The hosts of The View have long fueled panic politics to support a Democratic hold on power in Washington. That includes dystopian predictions of an American Third Reich if Donald Trump were elected. Much of this hysteria has been fostered by host Whoopi Goldberg, who told ABC viewers how Trump is already committed to being a dictator who will “put you people away … take all the journalists … take all the gay folks … move you all around and disappear you.”

Such fearmongering is the lowest form of political discourse, but neither Goldberg nor ABC is legally liable for dispensing with any journalistic or ethical standards. That may not be the case with regard to Goldberg’s most recent rant targeting a local New York bakery. Some have said that the fact that Goldberg did not name Holtermann’s Bakery means she cannot be sued. That is wrong.

On the program last week, Goldberg portrayed herself as an early victim of the backlash against Trump critics when she was denied an order of Charlotte Russe cakes.

Goldberg stated ominously, “Now, I should tell you, Charlotte Russe has no political leanings, and the place that made these refused to make them for me.” With that line, one of the co-hosts, Sara Haines,  spit out the cake in her mouth on the table as the other hosts expressed horror.

Goldberg continued

“”Charlotte Russe has no political leanings, and the place that made these refused to make them for me…They said that their ovens had gone down, but folks went and got them anyway, which is why I’m not telling you who made them. It’s not because I’m a woman, but perhaps they did not like my politics. But that’s OK because you know what? Listen, this is my mother’s celebration. Pick these up and celebrate with me and my mom. Thank you, everyone, for celebrating my birthday today.”

Her co-hosts and the audience were clearly appalled that Goldberg would be the victim of political retaliation. It was all the more horrifying and contemptible that she was trying to obtain the cakes to celebrate her 69th birthday on-air. It was a scene right out of Apocalypse Now.

While she pointedly said that she would not name the bakery, it took little time for people to deduce that it was Holtermann’s Bakery on Staten Island given its signature Charlotte Russe cakes, a local legend in New York.

Over the weekend, Goldberg repeated the allegation, posting a video clip in which she stated:

“It does seem a little odd that when we called a few weeks before my birthday and we were told they couldn’t process the order because of an equipment failure,” she said, apparently still doubting the 145-year-old bakery’s explanation.

“But somehow they were able to accept an order of a different 48 of the same dessert when somebody else called without using my name.”

The fact is that the ovens did go down. The establishment’s 60-year-old boiler could not make it to its own’s 67th birthday.  After all, it was installed when Goldberg was only seven years old.

The bakery stopped taking orders until it could get a working boiler. The alternative was to leave people like Goldberg without cakes for their special events. The bakery can reportedly show that Goldberg accusation was demonstrably untrue.

Borough president Vito Fossella (R) immediately accused Goldberg of defamation: “Recently someone took to the national airwaves and defamed, frankly, this family business. We’re here to stand up for one of the best families and businesses, not just in Staten Island but in the country.”

There are two reasons cited for why Goldberg cannot be sued. Her refusal to name the bakery (which she portrayed as a way of denying them favorable publicity since they eventually got the cakes) and that she used the word “perhaps” in her accusation.

The Name Game

The failure to name a party in an otherwise defamatory context is not an absolute defense to defamation. It can clearly undermine a case challenged in a dismissal motion under Rule 12(b)(6) or other rules. The defendant can claim that the statement was not sufficiently clear as being ‘of and concerning’ the plaintiff.”

The statement must be sufficiently detailed to identify the plaintiffs. This can be established by the context or extrinsic evidence. For example, in the famous case of Depp v. Heard lawsuit, Amber Heard wrote an op-ed that did not mention Johnny Depp by name but it was still found to be defamatory. The article could clearly be shown to be referring to Depp.

New York has recognized that a “not named” plaintiff can still bring a viable action. See DeBlasio v. North Shore University Hospital, 213 A.D.2d 584, 584, 624 N.Y.S.2d 263, 264 (2d Dep’t 1995) (“[W]here the person defamed is not named in a defamatory publication, it is necessary, if it is to be held actionable as to him, that the language used be such that persons reading it will, in the light of the surrounding circumstances, be able to understand that it refers to the person complaining.”). Again, it adds a challenge in the motion to dismiss, but it is possible to maintain such an action.

The strongest and easiest cases to make on defamation are those fitting into a per se category of defamation like calling someone falsely a criminal or the carrier of an infectious disease. Damages in such cases are often presumed.

Other cases are called per quod cases where the harm and damages are not immediately evident or presumed. Rather than be libelous on their face, per quod cases must often be proven through use of extrinsic facts or evidence. In such cases, you need to prove special damages.

It is worth noting that the implied accusation against the bakery could fit into a per se category of impugning business or professional integrity. Goldberg’s statement was clearly meant to undermine the reputation and professional standing of the bakery. It can be argued as defamatory per se by implication.

Goldberg could argue that the bakery was not harmed because conservatives and supporters flooded the establishment with orders. However, for many other customers in New York the accusation of Goldberg and the memory of Haines spitting out the cake on the table as vile will not be easy to erase. The bakery can argue that it has likely lost that segment of its customer base.

The fact that Goldberg identified the bakery only as a local bakery associated with these cakes is not a defense. The identity of the bakery was quickly deduced and published widely.

“Perhaps” Defamation

Goldberg could also claim that using the word “perhaps” reduced the statement to a mere opinion. This is a common misunderstanding. Often people will say “in my opinion” and then follow with a defamatory statement. It is not treated as an opinion if it is stated as a fact.

Clearly, a statement of opinion alone is not actionable when “the facts on which they are based are fully and accurately set forth and  it is clear . . . that the accusation is merely a personal surmise built upon those facts.” Gross v. New York Times Co., 623 N.E.2d 1163, 1169 (N.Y. 1993).

New York courts look to whether a reasonable person would consider the statement to be conveying a fact. Davis v. Boeheim, 22 N.E.3d 999, 1005 (N.Y. 2014) Moreover,  “[r]ather than sifting through a communication for the purpose of isolating and identifying assertions of fact, the court should look to the over-all context in which the assertions were made,” including the forum, to determine how a reasonable reader would view them.” Brian v. Richardson, 660 N.E.2d 1126, 1130 (N.Y. 1995).

Moreover, “an opinion that implies that it is based upon facts which justify the opinion but are unknown to those reading or hearing it… is a mixed opinion” and is actionable. Bacon v Nygard, 189 A.D.3d 530, 530 (1st Dept. 2020).

Goldberg was clearly trying to convey that the bakery imposes a political litmus test or engages in political discriminatory practices against Democrats, Trump critics, or liberals. That can have an obviously harmful impact on business for the family-owned bakery.

Goldberg can argue that she was stating a fact that the order would not be filled and merely offered an opinion as to the reason. However, the bakery can argue that the accusation was presented as a shocking fact (as demonstrated by the reaction of Haines in spitting out her cake). While Goldberg said that she did not believe that this was gender discrimination, the same would be true if she offered an “opinion” that the bakery was engaging in gender or racial or religious discrimination.

The question is whether a case could be made under these facts that could get to a jury. As discussed in the aforementioned cases, New York courts have allowed cases to go forward when an opinion is challenged as an implied false fact. Even if the bakery had to show malice (of a knowing falsehood or reckless disregard of the truth), it would have a cognizable basis for such a claim against Goldberg and ABC. A court could easily decide that whether this was stated as a true opinion or a fact should be left to a jury.

It is not clear if the bakery has sent a “cease and desist” letter to ABC. It would not be the first time that they had to make such a correction and the audience of the The View does not appear to care about such false or unsupported claims.

In one such incident, Turning Point USA issued a cease and desist letter to ABC after the hosts suggested that it allowed neo-Nazis to join an event. In discussing Turning Point USA’s summit in Florida, host Joy Behar said “Neo-Nazis were out there in the front of the conference with antisemitic slurs and … the Nazi swastika and a picture of a so-called Jewish person with exaggerated features, just like Goebbels did during the Third Reich. It’s the same thing, right out of the same playbook.”

Whoopi Goldberg, then added, in reference to Turning Point USA, “you let them in and you knew what they were, so you are complicit.”

ABC then had the hosts issue an on-air apology. However, they had host Sara Haines do it: “We want to make clear that these demonstrators were outside the event and that they were not invited or endorsed by Turning Point USA.” She added “the hosts apologize for “anything we said that may have been unclear on these points.”

Obviously, it would be up to a jury to balance the earlier standards and the evidence in this case. As noted above, Goldberg clearly has defenses to make. However, my point is only that a case could be made for defamation and a court could find that the matter should be left to the fact finder at trial. The failure to name the bakery and the opinion defense are not necessarily determinative.

Goldberg and ABC would be wise to apologize on the air to the bakery on Monday.

Jonathan Turley is the Shapiro Professor of Public Interest Law at George Washington University. He is the author of “The Indispensable Right: Free Speech in an Age of Rage” (Simon & Schuster, 2024).