Harvard Professor Under Fire In Latest Attack On Free Speech

200px-harvard_wreath_logo_1svgBy any measure, Harvard Professor Steven Pinker, who holds the Johnstone Family Chair of Psychology, is one of the most influential intellectual leaders in the world. He is also someone who believes in robust intellectual discourse and free thought and speech.  That propensity for academic freedom has now made him a target of hundreds of academics and graduate students who are seeking his removal from the Linguistic Society of America. The letter is one of the most chilling examples of the new orthodoxy that has taken over our academic institutions.  The signatories seek his removal for holding opposing views on issues like underlying causes of police shootings and other research.  The cited grievances are at best nuanced and at worst nonsensical.  Yet, hundreds signed their names and academic affiliations to try to punish a professor for holding opposing views to their own.  We have been discussing these cases across the country including a similar effort to oust a leading economist from the University of Chicago.  It is part of a wave of intolerance sweeping over our colleges and our newsrooms — a campaign that will devour its own in the loss of academic freedoms and free speech. (I should note that I do not know Dr. Pinker and, to the best of my knowledge, I have never met him).

The campaign against Pinker is based on a small number of tweets where he dares to challenge the views of his colleagues and others on issues related to police shootings.  There was a time when it would have been viewed as a shameful betrayal of our profession to retaliate against a fellow academic in this way.  Now, hundreds (shown below) seek to have their names associated with an effort to punish a professor for his challenging a new orthodoxy in academia.

As a blog focused on free speech and academic freedom issues, the merits of these disagreements is less important than the effort to silence or punish opposing views.  However, the underlying postings (and Pinker’s apparent viewpoints) are relevant to understanding the growing intolerance for conflicting viewpoints.  We will briefly discuss the six objections below.  In so doing, I will have spent more written analysis addressing the attacks on Pinker than these academics and students spent in accusing him of the most vile predilections.  My complaint is not that his views are beyond criticism. My objection is to the lack of substantial evidence or analysis, and, most importantly, the effort to remove him from a key academic group. Indeed, the letter states many of the signatories want him to be effectively barred from academic discourse.

Pinker has been vocal in his opposition to the level of police shootings in our society and has recognized their devastating impact on the African American community.  He has however suggested that the level of police shootings may be the result of poor training and the excessive use of force generally by police in the United States.  He is not alone in raising that issue. We have previously discussed how the United States has far greater use of lethal force that virtually any other nation.  Pinker, and others, have not denied that racism plays a role or that we have systemic racist problems in society. Rather he has suggested that, if we want to reduce police shootings, we may want to consider whether they are being driven by a police culture and common training that tend to escalate the level of force used in these situations.

Thus, in the first cited tweet (from 2015), Pinker is chastised for linking to a New York Times articles that suggests that “Police don’t shoot blacks disproportionately” but rather says that there are larger societal and structural issues at play in these studies.  The critics used this tweet as their first example of Pinker’s unacceptable viewpoints and state:

“Let the record show that Dr. Pinker draws this conclusion from an article that contains the following quote: “The data is unequivocal. Police killings are a race problem: African-Americans are being killed disproportionately and by a wide margin.” (original emphasis) We believe this shows that Dr. Pinker is willing to make dishonest claims in order to obfuscate the role of systemic racism in police violence.”

The carefully edited quote reveals not just intellectual intolerance but intellectual dishonesty.  Here is the full quote:

The data is unequivocalPolice killings are a race problemAfricanAmericans are being killed disproportionately and by a wide margin. And police bias may be responsible. But this data does not prove that biased police officers are more likely to shoot blacks in any given encounter.

Instead, there is another possibility: It is simply that — for reasons that may well include police bias — AfricanAmericans have a very large number of encounters with police officers. Every police encounter contains a risk: The officer might be poorly trained, might act with malice or simply make a mistake, and civilians might do something that is perceived as a threat. The omnipresence of guns exaggerates all these risks.”

That is precisely what Pinker was saying in the tweet, but the signatories falsely suggest that he misrepresented the article.

In the second tweet, the signatories do not even try to quote from a linked article that Pinker cites:

Again, the article itself adopts the same balanced analysis that does not deny the role of racism in shootings but also highlights that training and cultural issues could be driving the high number of fatal shootings:

“Police violence is tangled up with racism and systemic injustice. We desperately need to do more to address that, foremost by shoring up the criminal-justice system so that it holds police officers accountable when they kill. But it’s also true that deadly mistakes are going to happen when police officers engage in millions of potentially dangerous procedures a year. What aviation teaches us is that it should be possible to “accident proof” police work, if only we are willing to admit when mistakes are made.”

Rather than acknowledge that nuanced intellectual point, the signatories adopt a common attack on free speech today: Pinker is guilty of “both-sides” rhetoric.”  We saw this attack succeed recently in the infamous decision of the New York Times to apologize for publishing the opposing views of a United States Senator and then forcing out the editor who approved the opinion editorial.  (Indeed, these Times articles were a painful reminder of the journalistic integrity that once defined that newspaper).

The third objection concern Pinker referring to New York subway shooter Bernhard Goetz as “mild mannered.”  The critics refer to his racist views and insist that Pinker is being impermissibly “casual.”  However, a search on Lexis found dozens of similar references to Goetz. CNN, the New York Times, and others include descriptions of Goetz as a “mild mannered” individual.  One can be mild mannered and still be a criminal and a racist.

The fourth objection is that Pinker claimed that it was “statistically obtuse” to claim that the killings of a deranged California student was proof of a pattern of violence against women. His point appears to be a classic correlation versus causation critique.  One can easily disagree with this observation but he seems to be objecting to taking the case itself as proof of the pattern.  What is fascinating is that the letter is premised originally on the fact that this student killed six women.  In reality, the student killed 2 women and 4 men.  Even though twice the number of men were murdered, the letter corrects the error but not conclusion: “Regardless of the identities of the victims, the murderer was driven by misogyny.”

The fifth objection is truly mind blowing.  Pinker is attacked for “publicly co-opt[ing] the academic work of a Black social scientist to further his deflationary agenda.”  It may require a linguistics degree to fully appreciate what coopting academic work to advance a deflationary agenda actually means.  This is made more difficult by the fact that these academics and students do not actually see the need to explain how Pinker “misrepresents the work.”  He is just declared dishonest.  However, these signatories seem to double up on the fifth and sixth objections since the link is directed to the study by Lawrence D. Bobo, the W. E. B. Du Bois Professor of the Social Sciences at Harvard University.

So let’s go to the sixth objection over these tweets:

The signatories insist that even using the term “urban crime/violence” is a “dogwhistle” for racists.  However, again, a search of that terminology has been used dozens of times by civil rights leaders and Democratic leaders.

Once again, there is plenty to challenge in these viewpoints. Indeed, I would have seen this letter as an excellent foundation for a debate on campus. Pinker seems to want to have such academic discourse in making these points. The problem is not that he is being challenged on these points but that they are being used as an effort to remove him from an intellectual society.  These six objections are used as the basis to claim that Pinker has shown “a pattern of downplaying the very real violence of systemic racism and sexism, and, moreover, a pattern that is not above deceitfulness, misrepresentation, or the employment of dogwhistles.”

What makes this even more dubious is the following statement from these signatories:

“We want to note here that we have no desire to judge Dr. Pinker’s actions in moral terms, or claim to know what his aims are. Nor do we seek to “cancel” Dr. Pinker, or to bar him from participating in the linguistics and LSA communities (though many of our signatories may well believe that doing so would be the right course of action).”

Really, the foregoing language was not a “desire to judge Dr. Pinker’s actions in moral terms, or claim to know what his aims are”?  Moreover, I am not sure what “cancelling” means if it does not include stripping Pinker of his association with the leading intellectual group in his field.  It is also worth noting that “many” of the signatories did want him barred for being able to work with other academics in the field.  Rather than simply engage Pinker in honest academic debate, they want him barred from being able to share or defend his views in the linguistic or LSA communities.

Below is their open letter, which I encourage you to read.

 

—————————————-

Dear Linguistic Society of America,

This is an open letter by members of the linguistics community calling for the removal of Dr. Steven Pinker from both our list of distinguished academic fellows and our list of media experts. We, the undersigned, believe that Dr. Pinker’s behavior as a public academic is not befitting of a representative of our professional organization, that the LSA’s own stated goals make such a conclusion inevitable, and that the LSA should publicly reaffirm its position and distance itself from Dr. Pinker.

Induction into the list of LSA fellows is one of the highest signals of prestige in the linguistic community. Often, fellows are seen as the first line of academic linguistic authority, and trustworthy sources of linguistic knowledge. Lay people and members of the press reach out to fellows and media experts for official statements. We feel that fellows therefore have a responsibility that comes with the honor, credibility, and visibility allotted them by their distinguished appointment. Dr. Pinker does not live up to this standard.

As we demonstrate below, Dr. Pinker’s behavior is systematically at odds with the LSA’s recently issued statement on racial justice, which argues that “listening to and respecting [the experience of students of color] is crucial, as is acknowledging and addressing rather than overlooking or denying the role of the discipline of linguistics in the reproduction of racism.” Instead, Dr. Pinker has a history of speaking over genuine grievances and downplaying injustices, frequently by misrepresenting facts, and at the exact moments when Black and Brown people are mobilizing against systemic racism and for crucial changes.

Though no doubt related, we set aside questions of Dr. Pinker’s tendency to move in the proximity of what The Guardian called a revival of “scientific racism”, his public support for David Brooks (who has been argued to be a proponent of “gender essentialism”), his expert testimonial in favor of Jeffrey Epstein (which Dr. Pinker now regrets), or his dubious past stances on rape and feminism. Nor are we concerned with Dr. Pinker’s academic contributions as a linguist, psychologist and cognitive scientist. Instead, we aim to show here Dr. Pinker as a public figure has a pattern of drowning out the voices of people suffering from racist and sexist violence, in particular in the immediate aftermath of violent acts and/or protests against the systems that created them.

Below, we document six relevant occasions that show how Dr. Pinker’s behavior is systematically and directly at odds with the LSA’s stated aims. We believe that these examples show that Dr. Pinker is untenable as an LSA fellow and should not be allowed to retain that status.

  1. In 2015, Dr. Pinker tweeted “Police don’t shoot blacks disproportionately”, linking to a New York Times article by Sendhil Mullainathan.


Let the record show that Dr. Pinker draws this conclusion from an article that contains the following quote: “The data is unequivocal. Police killings are a race problem: African-Americans are being killed disproportionately and by a wide margin.” (original emphasis) We believe this shows that Dr. Pinker is willing to make dishonest claims in order to obfuscate the role of systemic racism in police violence.

  1. In 2017, when nearly 1000 people died at the hands of the police, the issue of anti-black police violence in particular was again widely discussed in the media. Dr. Pinker moved to dismiss the genuine concerns about the disproportionate killings of Black people at the hands of law enforcement by employing an “all lives matter” trope (we refer to Degen, Leigh, Waldon & Mengesha 2020 for a linguistic explanation of the trope’s harmful effects) that is eerily reminiscent of a “both-sides” rhetoric, all while explicitly claiming that a focus on race is a distraction. Once again, this clearly demonstrates Dr. Pinker’s willingness to dismiss and downplay racist violence, regardless of any evidence.

  1. Pinker (2011:107) provides another example of Dr. Pinker downplaying actual violence in a casual manner: “[I]n 1984, Bernhard Goetz, a mild-mannered engineer, became a folk hero for shooting four young muggers in a New York subway car.”—Bernhard Goetz shot four Black teenagers for saying “Give me five dollars.” (whether it was an attempted mugging is disputed). Goetz, Pinker’s mild-mannered engineer, described the situation after the first four shots as follows: “I immediately looked at the first two to make sure they were ‘taken care of,’ and then attempted to shoot Cabey again in the stomach, but the gun was empty.” 18 months prior, the same “mild-mannered engineer” had said “The only way we’re going to clean up this street is to get rid of the sp*cs and n*****s”, according to his neighbor. Once again, the language Dr. Pinker employs in calling this person “mild-mannered” illustrates his tendency to downplay very real violence.
  2. In 2014, a student murdered six women at UC Santa Barbara after posting a video online that detailed his misogynistic reasons. Ignoring the perpetrator’s own hate speech, Dr. Pinker called the idea that such a murder could be part of a sexist pattern “statistically obtuse”, once again undermining those who stand up against violence while downplaying the actual murder of six women as well as systems of misogyny.

  1. On June 3rd 2020, during historic Black Lives Matter protests in response to violent racist killings by police of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and many many others, Dr. Pinker chose to publicly co-opt the academic work of a Black social scientist to further his deflationary agenda. He misrepresents the work of that scholar, who himself mainly expressed the hope he felt that the protests might spark genuine change, in keeping with his belief in the ultimate goodness of humanity. A day after, the LSA commented on its public twitter account that it “stands with our Black community”. Please see the public post by linguist Dr. Maria Esipova for a more explicit discussion of this particular incident.
  2. On June 14th 2020, Dr. Pinker uses the dogwhistle “urban crime/violence” in two public tweets (neither of his sources used the term). A dogwhistle is a deniable speech act “that sends one message to an outgroup while at the same time sending a second (often taboo, controversial, or inflammatory) message to an ingroup”, according to recent and notable semantic/pragmatic work by linguistic researchers Robert Henderson & Elin McCready [1,2,3]. “Urban”, as a dogwhistle, signals covert and, crucially, deniable support of views that essentialize Black people as lesser-than, and, often, as criminals. Its parallel “inner-city”, is in fact one of the prototypical examples used as an illustration of the phenomenon by Henderson & McCready in several of the linked works.[1]

We believe our appeal to remove Dr. Pinker from the LSA fellows list and the list of media experts falls within the purview of the LSA because of the goals that the LSA has set for itself. In its public statement on race, the LSA “encourag[es] linguists to critically reflect on the changing nature of academic, social, cultural, and linguistic understandings of race”, and explicitly states that “there is no linguistic justice without racial justice… [this stance] requires that linguists actively work to promote equity and social justice in ways that benefit underrepresented scholars and communities of color”. We believe that the examples above show that Dr. Pinker’s established pattern of behavior stands in direct opposition to the LSA’s publicly stated aims, and the work they call for.

We want to note here that we have no desire to judge Dr. Pinker’s actions in moral terms, or claim to know what his aims are. Nor do we seek to “cancel” Dr. Pinker, or to bar him from participating in the linguistics and LSA communities (though many of our signatories may well believe that doing so would be the right course of action). We do, however, believe that the examples introduced above establish that Dr. Pinker’s public actions constitute a pattern of downplaying the very real violence of systemic racism and sexism, and, moreover, a pattern that is not above deceitfulness, misrepresentation, or the employment of dogwhistles. In light of the fact that Dr. Pinker is read widely beyond the linguistics community, this behavior is particularly harmful, not merely for the perception of linguistics by the general public, but for movements against the systems of racism and sexism, and for linguists affected by these violent systems.

Sincerely,

The Linguistics Community

(If you would like to add your name to this open letter, please sign using this google form. All signatures will be alphabetized by last name, and added to the document at regular intervals. Everyone who identifies as a linguist is welcome, and encouraged to sign. For comments, or questions, please reach out to lettertothelsa2020@gmail.com.
Addendum: Unfortunately, due to the form being abused both to threaten the editors, and to interfere with the signing process, we can, at this point, only accept signatures via email, and will only accept signatures from valid .edu addresses, or equivalent.)

Errata:
The UCSB incident involved the murder of 2 women and 4 men, not 6 women as stated in the text. Regardless of the identities of the victims, the murderer was driven by misogyny, as demonstrated both by his manifesto and the fact that the perpetrator targeted a sorority house. Dr Pinker’s tweet either ignores or denies this aspect of the event.

# Name Affiliation Role
1 A, Pranav Science Park, Hong Kong NLP Engineer
2 Abner, Natasha University of Michigan Assistant Professor
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56 Benkato, Adam UC Berkeley Assistant Professor
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74 Bourgerie Hunter, Marie Private sector computational linguist
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78 Bowman, Samuel R. New York University Assistant Professor
79 Bradley, Evan Penn State University Associate Professor of Psychology
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88 Byrd, Andrew University of Kentucky Associate Professor of Linguistics
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92 Campolong, Kelsey Ulster University PhD Researcher
93 Canjura, Julian Northern Arizona University Graduate student
94 Canning, Dominique University of Michigan PhD Candidate
95 Carmichael, Katie Virginia Tech associate professor
96 Carruthers, Brendan Cognitive Science B.A.
97 Catlin, Sara Stony Brook University
98 Chacón, Dustin A. New York University Abu Dhabi Research Scientist
99 Chadwick, Stacie
100 Chambers, Summer University of Virginia Linguistics MA
101 Chang, Charles B. Boston University Associate Professor
102 Chatten, Alicia New York University
103 Chemey, Natasha Rutgers University Graduate Fellow
104 Chen, Daniel CU Boulder PhD student
105 Chen, Tingchun
106 Cheng, Hung-Shao New York University Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders PhD student
107 Chong, Adam Queen Mary University of London Lecturer
108 Christofori, Ulrike San Joaquin Delta College Instructor
109 Clare, Emily
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111 Clauss, Michael University of Massachusetts Amherst
112 Clem, Emily University of California, San Diego Assistant Professor
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117 Cockrum, Paul The Ohio State University Graduate Student
118 Conner, Katherine The Ohio State University PhD Student
119 Connor, Janet University of Chicago PhD Candidate
120 Conrod, Kirby University of Washington
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128 Cox, Julia
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130 Craft, Justin T. University of Michigan Ph.D Student
131 Craioveanu, Radu University of Toronto PhD candidate
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133 Crowley, Archie University of South Carolina PhD Student
134 Culbertson, Jennifer University of Edinburgh Reader
135 Cunningham, Emma Software Engineer
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137 D’Arcy, Alexandra University of Victoria Professor
138 Dahlberg-Dodd, Hannah
139 Daitya, Patrick Monash University Linguistics Society President
140 Daland, Robert Apple, Inc. Software Engineer
141 Dale, Christopher
142 Danis, Nicholas Washington University in St. Louis Lecturer
143 Davidson, Diana
144 Davidson, Lisa NYU Professor
145 Davis, Emory Johns Hopkins University Postdoctoral Fellow
146 Davis, Jenny University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Associate Professor
147 de Haas, Nynke Utrecht University Lecturer
148 De Santo, Aniello University of Utah Assistant Professor
149 de Vries, Hanna Leiden University Lecturer
150 DeGiulio, Stephen Santa Fe Community College Professor
151 DeMarco, Stephanie Birmingham City University Education Developer
152 Denis, Derek University of Toronto Mississauga Assistant Professor
153 DeRoma, Cynthia Zocca Yale University Lector
154 Devlin, Kerri UCLA Graduate Student
155 DiCanio, Christian University at Buffalo Assistant Professor
156 Dinkin, Aaron San Diego State University Assistant Professor
157 Dockum, Rikker Swarthmore College Visiting Assistant Professor
158 Dolatian, Hossep Stony Brook University Alum
159 Doliana, Aaron University of Maryland PhD Student
160 dos Santos, Wesley University of California, Berkeley PhD student
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170 Esipova, Maria Princeton University, Program in Linguistics Postdoctoral Research Associate
171 Everdell, Michael The University of Texas, Austin PhD Student
172 Farinella, Alessa UMass Amherst PhD Student
173 Farkas, Rebecca
174 Farris-Trimble, Ashely Simon Fraser University Associate Professor
175 Faytak, Matthew UCLA Postdoctoral Fellow
176 Feeny, Graham New York University Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders PhD Student
177 Feldscher, Cara (Danny) Michigan State University PhD graduate
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179 Finley, Sara Pacific Lutheran University Associate Professor
180 Fleckenstein, Kristen Coastal Carolina University Assistant Professor
181 Fleisher, Nicholas University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Associate Professor
182 Fletcher, Lauren University of Edinburgh PhD Student NLP
183 Fong, Suzana MIT graduate student
184 Forrest, Jon University of Georgia Assistant Professor
185 Fox, Bonnie University of Hawai’i
186 Francez, Itamar University of Chicago Associate Prof.
187 Francis, Elaine Purdue University Associate Professor
188 Franich, Kathryn University of Delaware Assistant Professor
189 Fraser, Katherine University of the Basque Country PhD Student
190 Freeman, Aaron UPenn Alum
191 Frishberg, Nancy
192 Fruehwald, Josef University of Kentucky Assistant Professor
193 Fuchs, Martin Utrecht University Postdoctoral Researcher
194 Gaby, Alice Monash University
195 Gadanidis, Tim University of Toronto PhD student
196 Gal, Susan University of Chicago professor
197 Ganeshan, Ashwini Ohio University Assistant Professor
198 García León, Javier University of North Carolina at Charlotte Assistant Professor
199 Gardner, Bethany Vanderbilt University PhD student
200 Garza, Joyhanna UCSB Linguistics PhD Candidate
201 Gasser, Emily Swarthmore College Assistant Professor
202 Gautam, Vasundhara Dialpad Speech Recognition Engineer
203 Gebhard, Jessica
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208 German, Austin The University of Texas at Austin PhD student
209 Getz, Heidi
210 Getzen, Cara TESL Student
211 Gillon, Carrie The Vocal Fries Co-host
212 Glödstaf, Walther University of Illinois Urbana Champaign PhD student
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214 Gölz, Miriam Brandeis University graduate student
215 Gonering, Brennan UC Davis Graduate student
216 Gonzalez-Marquez, Monica RWTH
217 Good, Jeff University at Buffalo Professor
218 Gorman, Kyle Graduate Center, City University of New York
219 Govindarajan, Venkata S University of Texas at Austin PhD Student Computational Linguistics
220 Gowda, Yadav MIT PhD student
221 Grama, James University of Duisburg-Essen Research Fellow
222 Green, Caitlin
223 Green, Elizabeth University of Texas at Austin
224 Greenbank, Emily Victoria University of Wellington Research Fellow
225 Greenwood, Anna Google Program Manager
226 Greeson, Daniel Michigan State University Graduate student
227 Grestenberger, Laura University of Vienna Assistant Professor
228 Grieve-Smith, Angus The New School
229 Grishin, Peter MIT PhD Student
230 Grothues, Natalie University of Colorado Boulder PhD student
231 Guo, Alice University of Toronto Alum
232 Haber, Eli University of Chicago
233 Hagedorn, Christina City University of New York – College of Staten Island Assistant Professor
234 Hagiwara, Robert University of Manitoba
235 Hall-Lew, Lauren University of Edinburgh Reader
236 Hall, Daniel Currie Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia associate professor; LSA member
237 Halpert, Claire University of Minnesota Associate Professor
238 Hansen, Daniel University of Chicago PhD Student
239 Hao, Yiding Yale University PhD Candidate
240 Hara, Yurie Hokkaido University Associate Professor
241 Harley, Heidi University of Arizona Professor
242 Harper, Sarah University of Southern California PhD Candidate
243 Harvey, Meg University of Arizona
244 Hauk, Bryn
245 Heap, David University of Western Ontario Associate Professor
246 Heath, Jevon University of Pittsburgh Director of Undergraduate Studies
247 Heaton, Hayley University of Michigan Linguistics PhD
248 Heider, Paul Medical University of South Carolina Senior Research Scientist
249 Henderson, Robert University of Arizona Associate Professor of Linguistics
250 Hendery, Rachel Western Sydney University, Australia Associate Professor
251 Henley, Katherine
252 Henry, Cassidy University of Maryland
253 Hetherington, Rebecca University of Melbourne
254 Hill, Angelica University of Massachusetts Amherst PhD student
255 Holgate, Eric University of Texas at Austin PhD. Candidate
256 Hoops, Tracie CSU Fullerton MA student
257 Hope, Maxwell University of Delaware PhD student
258 Horesh, Uri Achva Academic College
259 Hou, Lynn University of California, Santa Barbara
260 Hughes, Brianne MA Linguistics
261 Hyett, James University of Toronto Alum
262 Irvine, Melissa
263 Jacobs, Cassandra University of Wisconsin Postdoctoral Researcher
264 Jaggers, Zachary University of Oregon Postdoctoral Scholar
265 Jamieson, E University of Edinburgh
266 Janoff, Arianna
267 Jenks, Peter UC Berkeley Associate Professor
268 Jensen, Monica University of Washington PhD Student
269 Jent, Brandon University of Kentucky Alumnus, MA Linguistic Theory and Typology
270 Jeong, Sunwoo Seoul National University Assistant professor
271 Jeretic, Paloma New York University PhD Candidate
272 Jerro, Kyle University of Essex Lecturer
273 Jones, Kyra
274 Jones, Taylor University of Pennsylvania PhD Graduate
275 Joyce, Taylor The University of Texas at Austin PhD Student
276 Kalin, Laura Princeton University Assistant Professor
277 Kane, Aurora University of California, Berkeley PhD Student
278 Karlin, Robin UW-Madison Postdoctoral researcher
279 Kasstan, Jonathan University of Westminster Assistant Professor
280 Kastner, Itamar University of Edinburgh
281 Kennedy, Robert University of California, Santa Barbara Senior Lecturer
282 Khan, Sameer ud Dowla Reed College Associate Professor
283 Kiesling, Scott F. University of Pittsburgh Professor & Chair
284 Kim, Christina University of Kent Senior lecturer
285 Kim, Judy Yale University Postdoc
286 Kimper, Wendell University of Manchester Lecturer
287 Kirchner, Jessica Google Senior Linguist
288 Klassen, Jeffrey University of Saskatchewan Sessional Lecturer
289 Klausner, Lukas Daniel St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences Researcher
290 Klecha, Peet Linguist
291 Kolozsvari, Robyn
292 Konnelly, Lex University of Toronto PhD Candidate
293 Kosse, Maureen CU Boulder Grad Student
294 Kostyszyn, Kalina Stony Brook University PhD student
295 Kotek, Hadas Computational Linguist
296 Koulidobrova, Helen Central Connecticut State University Associate Professor
297 Koval, Pasha University of Connecticut PhD candidate
298 Kramer, Ruth Georgetown University
299 Kraus, Kaj Gallaudet University PhD Student
300 Kraus, Kelsey UC Santa Cruz PhD graduate
301 Kucharska, Rosa University of Manchester Undergraduate student
302 Kuo, Annita
303 Kush, Dave NTNU Associate Professor
304 Lai, Catherine University of Edinburgh
305 Lalonde, Codie Carleton University PhD Candidate
306 Lang, Benjamin New York University Abu Dhabi
307 Laparle, Schuyler UC Berkeley PhD Candidate
308 Laperle, Samuel
309 Lassahn-Worrell, Price
310 Laturnus, Rebecca
311 Lau-Preechathammarach, Raksit UC Berkeley Graduate Student
312 Laurentine, Kyle
313 Lawson, Alexandra University at Buffalo, SUNY Graduate Student
314 Le Mené, Marine University of Strasbourg Postdoctoral Researcher
315 Lee-Goldman, Russell Google
316 Lee, Naomi New York University PhD student
317 Lee, Rebecca University of Colorado Boulder PhD student
318 Lee, Si Kai UConn PhD Student
319 Leonard, Wesley University of California, Riverside Associate Professor
320 Lesho, Marivic
321 Lesk, Katharina University of Vienna student
322 Levi, Susannah NYU
323 Levinson, Lisa University of Michigan Lecturer
324 Lewis, Rebecca University of Connecticut PhD Student
325 Lewis, Tom Georgia Southern University Visiting Instructor
326 Li, Neh Gnetnemt Jinggangshan University 井冈山大学 Research Scientist
327 Li, Noriyasu
328 Lilley, Kevin The Ohio State University PhD Student
329 Lindsey, Kate Boston University
330 Liter, Adam University of Maryland Graduate student
331 Litovsky, Celia Johns Hopkins University PhD candidate
332 Love-Nichols, Jessica Macalester College Visiting Assistant Professor
333 Lowry, Cass The Graduate Center, City University of New York PhD student
334 Lu, Deedee
335 Lu, Jiayi Stanford University PhD student
336 Lucek, Stephen University College Dublin Postdoctoral Fellow
337 Lukyanenko, Cynthia George Mason University Term Assistant Professor
338 Lund, Gunnar Harvard PhD candidate
339 MacGregor, Caiden La Trobe University Graduate student
340 MacKenzie, Jordan Georgetown University PhD Candidate
341 MacKenzie, Laurel New York University Assistant Professor
342 Macknick, Anna Princeton University Undergraduate student
343 Mahan, Heather UCSC MA Linguistics graduate
344 Maier, Erik Hans UC Berkeley PhD Candidate
345 Mailhot, Frederic Dialpad, Inc. Computational Linguist
346 Malamud, Sophia A. Brandeis University Associate Professor
347 Maldonado, Mora University of Edinburgh Postdoctoral researcher
348 Manetta, Emily University of Vermont Professor and Chair, Department of Anthropology
349 Mangold, Ina Runa University of Edinburgh Postgraduate Student
350 Manke, Christine California State University, Northridge Alumna
351 Manning, Emma Georgetown University PhD Student
352 Mansfield, Courtney University of Washington PhD Candidate
353 Mantenuto, Iara University of California, Los Angeles PhD Candidate
354 Marino, D. McGill University Grad Student
355 Martí, Luisa Queen Mary University of London Senior Lecturer
356 Martin, Fabienne Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
357 Martin, Katie MIT Graduate student
358 Martin, Tyree University of Arizona Ph.D. Student
359 Martinez del Rio, Aurora University of Chicago Graduate Student
360 Martinez, Randi Yale University
361 Matsubara, Julie University of Chicago, English Language Institute Director
362 Mauk, Claude University of Pittsburgh Senior Lecturer
363 McBride, Justin T. Northeastern State University Assistant Professor
364 McCabe, Samantha
365 McClay, E. K. Simon Fraser University research staff
366 McCoy, Tom Johns Hopkins University Graduate student
367 McCready, Elin Aoyama Gakuin University Professor
368 McFadden, Thomas Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft
369 McGowan, Kevin University of Kentucky Assistant Professor
370 McKay, Isabel University of Arizona
371 McPherson, Laura Dartmouth College Associate Professor
372 McVeigh, Joe University of Jyväskylä University teacher
373 Meadows, Tom Queen Mary University of London PhD Candidate
374 Medina, Jennifer
375 Merryweather, Marina
376 Mesh, Kate Lund University Postdoctoral Researcher
377 Meyer, Cherry University of Michigan
378 Midgley, Daniel Because Language Co-presenter
379 Mieczkowski, Hannah Stanford University PhD candidate, Communication
380 Miller, Taylor SUNY Oswego Visiting Assistant Professor
381 Minnick, Lisa C. Western Michigan University Associate Professor
382 Mirea, Nicole Northwestern University PhD student
383 Molina, Malia Carleton College
384 Monette, James Data Scientist
385 Mooney, Kate New York University
386 Moraski, Kendall University of British Columbia Alum
387 Morgan, Adam NYU Postdoc
388 Morikawa, Nora
389 Mufwene, Salikoko S. University of Chicago Professor of Linguistics
390 Munson, Benjamin University of Minnesota Professor and Chair
391 Murphy, AJ University of South Carolina PhD Student
392 Murray, Sarah Cornell University Associate Professor
393 Musica, Anne Georgetown University Alum
394 Musil, Jakub The University of Edinburgh PhD candidate
395 Nakamura, Megan University of Florida
396 Namboodiripad, Savithry University of Michigan Assistant Professor
397 Narayan, Chandan York University Linguistics Assoc Professor
398 Nederveen, Sander Simon Fraser University/University of British Columbia MA/PhD student
399 Nelson, Brett University of Calgary PhD Candidate
400 Nelson, Scott Stony Brook University
401 Nesbitt, Monica Dartmouth College Postdoctoral Researcher
402 Newell, Heather UQAM Professor
403 Ng, Sara University of Washington PhD student
404 Nguyen, Chieu Google Japan Computational Linguist
405 Nguyen, Emma University of Connecticut PhD student
406 Niedzielski, Nancy Rice University Associate Professor
407 Nielsen, Kuniko Oakland University Associate Professor
408 Nölle, Jonas University of Edinburgh PhD Candidate
409 Noonan, Máire Université de Montréal & Université du Québec à Montréal, course lecturer
410 Norris, Mark
411 Nowlan, Melody
412 Nycz, Jennifer Georgetown University Associate Professor
413 O’Gorman, Tim University of Massachusetts Amherst Postdoctoral Researcher
414 O’Hara, Charlie University of Southern California
415 O’Meara, Carolyn Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Associate Research Professor
416 O’Neill, Brittney York University PhD student
417 Orfitelli, Robyn University of Sheffield Lecturer
418 Ostrove, Jason UC Santa Cruz Lecturer
419 Overfelt, Carly
420 Pabst, Katharina University of Toronto Ph.D. Candidate
421 Palma, Pauline McGill University PhD student
422 Papillon, Maxime University of Maryand
423 Parrish, Alicia New York University Grad student
424 Parrott, Jeffrey Keith Department of English and American Studies, Palacký University in Olomouc Assistant Professor of Linguistics
425 Pasquinelli, Renni Johns Hopkins University PhD Student
426 Pasternak, Robert Leibniz-Center for General Linguistics Postdoctoral Researcher
427 Pater, Joe University of Massachusetts Amherst Professor
428 Patton, Colleen University of Arizona PhD Candidate
429 Paul, Ileana University of Western Ontario Associate Professor
430 Paullada, Amandalynne University of Washington PhD Candidate, Linguistics
431 Payne, Amanda
432 Payne, Elena University of Cambridge Student
433 Payne, Elinor University of Oxford Associate Professor
434 Pearce, Jo University of Glasgow PhD Student
435 Pearson, Hazel Queen Mary University of London Senior Lecturer
436 Perez Borbon, Luz University of Massachusetts Boston PhD student
437 Perfors, Amy University of Melbourne Associate Professor
438 Perleberg, Ellen University of Washington Undergraduate
439 Peters, Andrew University of Toronto PhD Candidate
440 Pham, Mike
441 Piggott, Glyne McGill University Emeritus Professor
442 Pillion, Betsy University of Chicago PhD Candidate
443 Pinzin, Francesco Goethe Universität Frankfurt Postdoctoral researcher
444 Plumb, May Helena University of Texas at Austin PhD Candidate
445 Pollio-Barbee, Harper Brandeis University Undergraduate Student
446 Potter, David Morehead State University Post-doc
447 Potvin, Gabrielle
448 Pratt, Teresa San Francisco State University Assistant Professor
449 Preminger, Omer University of Maryland Associate Professor
450 Prichard, Hilary Linguistics PhD
451 Prickett, Brandon
452 Puderbaugh, Rebekka University of Edinburgh Teaching Fellow
453 Punske, Jeffrey Southern Illinois University Carbondale Associate Professor & Director of Undergraduate Studies
454 Purse, Ruaridh University of Pennsylvania PhD Candidate
455 Raclaw, Joshua West Chester University Assistant Professor
456 Rademacher, Tess Former LSA Intern
457 Rasin, Ezer Leipzig University Postdoctoral Researcher
458 Rawlins, Kyle Johns Hopkins University Associate Professor
459 Reed, Paul E. University of Alabama Assistant professor
460 Rees, Alice University of Edinburgh Research Fellow
461 Rehrig, G. UC Davis Postdoctoral Researcher
462 Reiss, Charles Concordia University, Montreal Professor
463 Remirez, Emily UC Berkeley PhD Candidate
464 Rett, Jessica UCLA Professor and Director of Graduate Studies
465 Richardson-Todd, Aurore PhD student
466 Richie, Russell University of Pennsylvania Postdoctoral Fellow
467 Ritch, Joseph University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa MA Student
468 Roberts, Brice University of California, Los Angeles PhD Candidate
469 Roberts, Julie University of Vermont Professor and Director
470 Robinson, Mary NYU PhD student
471 Robles, Jessica S. Loughborough University Lecturer
472 Rodriguez, Alejandro UC San Diego PhD Student
473 Ronkos, Danielle The Graduate Center, CUNY Ph.D. Candidate
474 Rosa, Jonathan Stanford University Associate Professor
475 Rosen, Nicole University of Manitoba Professor
476 Rosenau, Sara CU Boulder Graduate Student
477 Rouvier, Ruth University of California, Berkeley PhD Candidate
478 Rouvinen, Alina Student
479 Rowe, Margaret Anne Georgetown University Alum
480 Royer, Adam UCLA Linguistics PhD Candidate
481 Royer, Justin McGill University PhD Student
482 Sampson, Tory University of California, San Diego PhD Student
483 Sanchez, Roger Universidade Federal de Belo Horizonte, Brazil PhD
484 Sandoval, Starr graduate student
485 Sandy, Abu El Adas NYU PhD student/worker
486 Sayeed, Asad University of Gothenburg Assistant Professor
487 Scarpace, Daniel University of Texas at Arlington Assistant Professor of Instruction
488 Scheffler, Tatjana University of Potsdam Postdoctoral Researcher
489 Schlegl, Lisa Univeristy of Toronto PhD Student
490 Schneier, Joel University of Central Florida Lecturer
491 Seals, Corinne Victoria University of Wellington Senior Lecturer
492 Sears, Cheyenne Ohio University Alum
493 Semushina, Nina UCSD PhD candidate
494 Seong, Jihye The State University of New York at Buffalo Ph.D. Student
495 Shames, Kayla Matthea Cornell University Undergraduate Student
496 Shan, Chung-chieh Indiana University Associate Professor
497 Shapiro, Mary Truman State University Professor of Linguistics
498 Shenkar, Julia George Mason University Alum
499 Sherley-Appel, Clara UCSC, UVA Linguistics MA
500 Showers-Curtis, Katka University of Wisconsin – Madison Graduate Student
501 Shukla, Mohinish
502 Shulist, Sarah Queen’s University Associate Professor
503 Sichel, Ivy UC Santa Cruz Associate Professor
504 Sicoli, Mark A University of Virginia Assistant Professor
505 Simpson, Erin UCL Institute of Education PhD student
506 Sims, Nandi Ohio State University PhD Candidate
507 Singerman, Adam Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago Postdoctoral Teaching Fellow
508 Sirna, Sarah Michigan State University
509 Skilton, Amalia University of Texas at Austin Postdoctoral Researcher
510 Slayton, Aliya University of Hawai’i at Mānoa PhD student
511 Slobe, Tyanna University of California Los Angeles PhD Candidate
512 Smith, Alexander D. University of North Texas
513 Smith, Barry University at Buffalo Professor & Chair
514 Smith, James
515 Smith, Kaylin Michigan State University PhD candidate
516 Sneller, Betsy Michigan State University Assistant Professor
517 Snider, Todd Postdoctoral Research Fellow
518 Soldaini, Luca Amazon Applied Scientist
519 Sommerlot, Carly J. University of Texas at Arlington Ph.D. Candidate
520 Sprenger, Anna-Marie UChicago graduate student
521 Staicov, Adina Hiroshima University Assistant Professor
522 Stalley, Sean
523 Stephens, Heather University of Toronto PhD Candidate
524 Stickles, Elise University of British Columbia Assistant Professor
525 Stromdahl, Lars University of Delaware PhD Student
526 Strother-Garcia, Kristina Bloomsburg University Assistant Professor
527 Subtirelu, Nicholas Georgetown University Assistant Professor
528 Sullivant, Ryan University of Texas at Austin
529 Sundaresan, Sandhya
530 Sunil Arvindam, Vishal
531 Surbatovich, Amy Editor
532 Sutherland, Paul American Philosophical Society Archivist, Linguist
533 Szabó, Ildikó Emese New York University PhD candidate
534 Tabachnick, Guy New York University graduate student
535 Talmina, Natalia Johns Hopkins University PhD student
536 Taniguchi, Ai University of Toronto Mississauga Assistant Professor
537 Taylor, Katherine The Ohio State University Alum
538 Thomas, Airica Northwestern University PhD Student
539 Thomas, Jenelle University of Oxford
540 Thomas, William The Ohio State University PhD Student
541 Thompson, Anie H5/University of California Santa Cruz Consulting Linguist and PhD alum
542 Thompson, Ellen Florida International University Professor
543 Thompson, Katrina University of Wisconsin-Madison Professor
544 Thoms, Gary New York University Assistant Professor
545 Tomlin, Nicholas UC Berkeley PhD Student
546 Torbert, Benjamin University of Missouri-St Louis Associate professor
547 Torgersen, Henrik University of Oslo MA student
548 Tran, Marcellin University of Toronto Student
549 Travis, Lisa McGill University Professor Emeritus
550 Tulsyan, Purnima
551 Turnbull, Rory Newcastle University Lecturer
552 Turner, Gerry York University PhD Candidate
553 Turner, Robin University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign PhD student
554 Twiner, Nicholas Stanford University Graduate Student
555 Tyler, Matthew Yale University PhD candidate
556 Tyrone, Martha Long Island University Associate Professor
557 Ulfsbjorninn, Shanti University of Deusto, Bilbao. Associate Professor
558 Umbal, Pocholo University of Toronto PhD Candidate
559 Usta, Betül Seda University of Stirling PhD student
560 Valentinsson, Mary-Caitlyn Appalachian State University Visiting Assistant Professor
561 van den Akker, M. Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands Undergraduate
562 VanderStouwe, Chris Boise State University Lecturer
563 Vaughan, Alfie University of Cambridge Undergraduate
564 Vihman, Marilyn University of York Professor
565 Vihman, Virve University of Tartu Associate Professor
566 Villanueva, Mercedes Eileen
567 Vittalbabu, Chandru Sunnyvale School District Speech-Language Pathologist and Linguistics graduate
568 Vu, Mai Ha University of Delaware Alum
569 Walkden, George University of Konstanz Professor of Linguistics
570 Warner, Natasha University of Arizona Professor and Head
571 Warren, Isaac Georgetown University MS Student
572 Wassink, Alicia University of Washington
573 Weinberg, Miranda Swarthmore College Visiting Assistant Professor, Linguistics
574 Wells, Alexus Georgetown University
575 Whitcomb, Kathleen
576 Williams, Adina Research Scientist
577 Wilson, Brianna University of Chicago PhD Student
578 Wilson, Fiona University of Toronto Graduate Student
579 Wilson, Scott Keohookalani Pukyong National University Lecturer
580 Wing, Dakota York University PhD Candidate
581 Wingett, Hannah Georgetown University Alum, BA Linguistics + MS Theoretical Linguistics
582 Winterstein, Grégoire UQAM Professor
583 Wolf, Simon Unaffiliated Independent Researcher and Consultant
584 Wood, Skye Virginia Tech Alum
585 Wright, Kelly Elizabeth University of Michigan PhD Candidate
586 Yeaton, Jeremy UC Irvine PhD student in Language Science
587 Yoshida Nuttall, Kelly Boise State University
588 Young, Eris Writer
589 Yuan, Michelle University of California, San Diego Assistant Professor
590 Zaitsu, Anissa Stanford University PhD student
591 Zimman, Lal UC Santa Barbara Associate Professor of Linguistics
592 Zompi, Stanislao
593 Zweig, Eytan University of York Lecturer

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