“You better get ready for … war.” Across the country, radicals are openly planning for the next stage of their movement, and notably, the Democratic establishment is not part of their plans. Despite the talk of a “Big Tent Party,” socialists are riding high on a surge of support and talking purges and revolution.
In Chicago, radicals gathered for a conference on Marxism during what many view as the heyday of socialism in the United States. The Democratic Socialists of America is now larger and more powerful than at any time in our history. Socialist candidates are winning elections across the country as Democratic establishment figures from Sen. Chuck Schumer (D., N.Y.) to Gov. Gavin Newsom pander to the movement.
Speakers in Chicago used the conference to push supporters to the next stage in the movement, including some openly calling for violence and the end to capitalism.
University of California Santa Barbara History Professor Butch Ware said Democrats “must be destroyed” and urged attendees to be ready for “war in the streets.” Notably, in postings on X, Ware has said that candidates such as New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani and Senate nominee Abdul El-Sayed are too restrained and are being pushed by the establishment “to contain radicalism.”
The professor “of Africa and Islam” whose faculty page is appropriately found under “bware” is the latest radical to dismiss the “Big Tent Party” rhetoric of establishment figures like Schumer. He declared, “The Democrats cannot be reasoned with. They must be destroyed.” There is little subtlety in the message, Ware has explained: “You cannot call yourself a revolutionary and not be talking about training with weapons.”
It is another example of the delusion that establishment Democrats have that they will be able to use these radicals to destroy their political enemies but not themselves.
After one election victory, socialists chanted “You’re Next!” when House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries’s image came on big-screen televisions.
Hasan Piker has called for a purging of moderates from the Democratic Party.
Just last week, Darializa Avila Chevalier declared, “A big tent doesn’t pay your rent, lower your grocery bill, or take on the corporations bleeding our country dry. Democratic socialism does.”
In a video posted to X, Professor Ware called for violence, warning followers that “some of these clickety-clack revolutionaries have never been in a f*cking gunfight.” He menacingly added, “Y’all ain’t nowhere near ready for a war in the streets. You better get ready for both kinds of war if you stay ready, you ain’t got to get ready.”
This is just the latest example of the type of hate-spewing radical that university departments want to teach in higher education. While purging virtually all Republicans, conservatives, and libertarians from departments, faculty candidates cannot be too radical enough to secure positions on colleges and universities. UCSB pays Professor Ware over $211k to spread this type of lunacy.
Notably, this is the same university that saw a professor lead her students in physically assaulting pro-life advocates on campus years ago. Despite pleading guilty to criminal assault, she was not fired and later honored by the University of Oregon for her inspiring leadership.
In other events around the country such as “Socialism 2026 Conference,” City University of New York Professor Ruth Gilmore said in a video, “It’s capitalism we’re after,…There isn’t a capitalism that is somehow not racial. There isn’t a capitalism that does not produce and reproduce all kinds of sexual and gender boundaries.”
At my alma mater, University of Chicago professor Eman Abdelhadi, the half-sister of Michigan Democratic Senate candidate Abdul El-Sayed, has denounced the university and explained that she is only teaching there to bring down the system.
One year after the massacre, Professor Abdelhadi offered an “October 7th blessing” over an attack that murdered, raped, and tortured innocent men, women, and children. She was previously arrested for spitting on officers.
She added “I hope you know that we have a lot of work ahead of us and that we need each other to do that work. We have an imperative to not just imagine a better future, but to build one together. I’ll see you on the streets.”
What is so striking is that these radicals are not hiding their agenda or their hostility toward the Democratic Establishment. William Lawrence, who is running for Michigan’s 7th Congressional District, previously called for the end of borders, the nation-state, capitalism, and told a leading moderate Democrat to “hurry up and die.”
In the meantime, some Democrats are admitting that, after using the socialists to retake power, they will marginalize them in actual governing decisions. Rep. Laura Gillen (D-NY) just explained that they will have to block the “crazy” DSA stuff from actually getting to the floor for a vote.
In Rage and the Republic, I discuss how these Democratic leaders are following the same self-destructive delusions of other establishment figures in history who thought that they could use mobs against their opponents while hoping that they could survive.
Figures like Newsom have even campaigned on denouncing capitalism as “not working” as candidates like Texas Democratic Senatorial candidate James Talarico have called to “dismantle” capitalism. Figures like former Vice President Kamala Harris have dismissed loyalty to our core institutions such as the Supreme Court as mere “nostalgia.”
It will not work. These figures are nothing more than “clickety-clack revolutionaries” who convince no one inside or outside the movement. By putting their elections above every other consideration, Democratic leaders are willing to endanger core institutions, values, and even capitalism itself to reacquire power. In so doing, they are embracing the very “mobocracy” that the Founders warned us against in laying the foundations of our constitutional system.
Jonathan Turley is a law professor and the New York Times best-selling author of “Rage and the Republic: The Unfinished Story of the American Revolution.”
This evolving Red-Green Alliance should concern all Americans. I’ve lived in Dearborn for 72 years and there is no doubt the Muslim population has been radicalized, especially since the invasion of Gaza in 2023. Trump needs to address the concerns of the Non-Muslim population in Dearborn. He need to bring in ICE and the FBI to go after the jihadists or people are going to die. Here is my lates essay on what is going on in Dearborn. It is concerning.
=====
In March, 2026, a Dearborn resident attempted to murder 100 children at the Synagogue in West Bloomfield Michigan in a terrorist attack inspired by Hezbollah. Fortunately the Islamic Terrorist attack failed. But if the Mayors of Dearborn and Dearborn Heights don’t impose De-Islamification measures in the public schools it is just a matter of time before an Islamic Terrorist attack succeeds, in which case the mayors will have blood on their hands.
Stopping the Islamification of Dearborn Michigan
Local Residents, Media and Clergy in Denial
https://brucecain.substack.com/p/stopping-the-islamification-of-dearborn
=====
Another ‘first person testimony’ from you-know-who.
By the time you grasp and fully comprehend that this is an invasion, distinctly not immigration and assimilation, it will be too late. It already is.
By the time you grasp and fully comprehend that this is an invasion, distinctly not immigration and assimilation, it will be too late. It already is.
WordPress Censorship Here:
By the time you grasp and fully comprehend that this is an invasion, distinctly not immigration and assimilation, it will be too late. It already is.
WordPress Censorship Here:
By the time you grasp and fully comprehend that this is an invasion, distinctly not immigration and assimilation, it will be too late. It already is.
With ignorant people being taught by muslHAMs into thinking islHAM is a religion and islHAM is really a political machine, this is what you get. I heard on a social media site today that if ‘only’ present numbers continue, nearly 15M ILLEGAL ALIENS will be deported by the end of PQTUS’ 45-47n28’s 3rd term. PLUS, with the coming surge in ICE and Border Patrol Personnel, those present numbers will surge also. So, get out, or be kiQ’d out, or if you really want to start a ‘war in the streets’, just remember there are just north of 15M vets and many more armed Americans waiting, patiently…..
3 standing armies were brought into our country by our own “gov’t/ngo’s/catholic church/list is too long for this missive”, chinese/mexican/muslHAM. Mostly military aged men. IT will be a target rich environment. Conserve ammo, aim small miss small, lead the runners a tad.
MAGAA1st awaits the continuing/coming mass deportations
11b
We can push back by eliminating their access to social media as a condition of parole or probation. AND ENFORCE IT.
“You better get ready for … war.” Across the country, radicals are openly planning for the next stage of their movement, and notably, the Democratic establishment is not part of their plans.
These people are insufferable. too much talk. Not enough action. Bring it already. This from a people who demand safe spaces.
NB: Peter Shill – Gigi – Wally – Sally – X – Concerned Citizen – TDS Anonymous et al need not worry. Geneva Convention rules do not allow patriots to lay a finger on the head of eunuchs.
Trumpers are too old and out of shape to carry on a real civil war.
Come see…
ok sweet cheeks
MAGAA1st
11b
Against the theater kids? just take away their eyeliner. & cancel comic-con
“Geneva Convention rules”
The Geneva Convention is an agreement between nations about humane treatment for combatants and prisoners. It is not incumbent upon those individuals who are forced to rise to resist an attack on their basic rights, including that of existence. Those defenders will likely not remain solely in defensive postures for very long, and once that dynamic is unleashed, there will be a significant extermination of the original aggressors for its own sake, whether that is morally justified or not, and whether you or I would approve, or not. See the second provision of Newton’s First Law of Motion…
you didn’t answer the question: does Gigi have a head large enough to place on a
pikehead of a pin? Dancing angels want to know/s
DoW Law of War Manual was written for times such as this. MANY Americans remember what it was like to be Sovereign Americans, act like it when the time comes. Leave the heavy lifting to LEO until they ask. Be ready to help the helpless….
MAGAA1st
11b
Turley’s column today ‘coincides’ with this Fox New story decrying communism.
https://www.facebook.com/100067213070343/posts/pfbid0T5JSuSBStXs1qan3Zbf5HPCnDv1mSdk5bvtGK6gFq4snag5J1YsCYmpsiPqScq7wl/?mibextid=CDWPTG
What’s left of the Dems will be treated to the same end of the Russian Kulaks. Can you imagine the party of JFK invited the Katlies into their tent thinking they could control them.
They will be grateful the same as the Russian nobled were by the Bolsheviske.
What we have here in the US is financialism controlled by our private central bank, not capitalism. We were capitalist until President Wilson created the Federal Reserve which has never been Federal and has no reserves. Capital is the output from farms, mines and factories – this output supports human life.
Capital is not output. It’s the assets that produce the output.
The point is that we have a market economy, not a planned socialist economy.
Some people are to stupid to understand that.
we have had a ‘debt’ economy since 1913 Kansas. That is what 45-47n28 and Mr Bessent is fighting, that and the [crown]…. Even the rothschilds running to safe havens with their money….
Thank you.
Private capital eroded:
Metric 1933 2026 Change
Federal spending as % of GDP 3.5% 22.8% 6.5x
Total government (all) as % of GDP ~12% 43.3% 3.6x
Federal debt as % of GDP 33% 124.6% (June 2026) 3.8x
Deficit (FY2026) Surplus $1.9 trillion (5.8% of GDP) —
CFR (regulations) volumes ~10 (est.) 243 ~24x
Federal restrictions (counted) ~0 (pre-system) 1,000,000+ —
Final federal rules issued (cumulative since 1976) — 220,813 —
Federal agencies ~15 ~100+ (incl. independent) —
The key number: In 1933, the federal government spent 3.5 cents of every dollar of GDP. In 2026, it spends 22.8 cents. Total government (federal + state + local) takes 43.3 cents.
The government now spends more than half of everything the economy produces.
Debt crossed 100% of GDP in April 2026 — the first time in peacetime.
CBO projects it hits 120% by 2036 and 175% by 2056. The government now owes more than the entire economy produces in a year.
What this means structurally: In 1933, a business operated in an environment where the state touched maybe 1 in 20 of its transactions. Today, the state touches nearly every transaction — taxes, regulations, licensing, reporting, compliance. The private sector still exists and still produces ~80% of GDP. But it operates inside a regulatory and fiscal framework that was not there in 1933 and that has only grown.
Estovir, name a major nation with no central bank.
Louie’s Longshoremans Savings and Loans. 20% and if you’re late we’ll break your legs.
Men along the shore, unload my boat.
sovereign countries that do not operate their own national central bank, the current list is roughly 13 sovereign states, depending on how you treat microstates and monetary arrangements.
Sovereign countries with no national central bank
Country Currency / monetary arrangement
🇦🇩 Andorra Euro — no central monetary institution
🇰🇮 Kiribati Australian dollar
🇱🇮 Liechtenstein Swiss franc — monetary policy by Swiss National Bank
🇲🇭 Marshall Islands U.S. dollar
🇫🇲 Micronesia U.S. dollar
🇲🇨 Monaco Euro
🇳🇷 Nauru Australian dollar
🇵🇼 Palau U.S. dollar
🇵🇦 Panama U.S. dollar / balboa coins
🇹🇻 Tuvalu Australian dollar / Tuvalu coins
🇻🇦 Vatican City Euro
🇼🇸 Samoa? Has a central bank — exclude
🇸🇲 San Marino Has a central bank — exclude
The IMF specifically identifies Panama, Kiribati, Micronesia, Andorra, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Palau, Nauru and Tuvalu as officially dollarized economies with no central bank.
There are two important additions if we’re defining the question strictly as “sovereign country without its own central bank”:
Vatican City — uses the euro under its monetary agreement with the EU and does not have a conventional central bank.
San Marino is often mistakenly included, but it actually has a Central Bank of San Marino, so I would not count it. The IMF explicitly lists it as having one.
The interesting one: Panama
Panama is the big one. It has no central bank, no lender of last resort, and no deposit insurance. Its banking system operates in a fully dollarized environment, so it effectively imports U.S. monetary policy rather than having its own central bank set interest rates.
Andorra is another very clean example: the IMF’s 2026 assessment says explicitly that it has “no central monetary institution.”
So, if you’re looking at this from the angle of “countries that function without a central bank and therefore don’t have an independent central-bank monetary policy,” that’s a particularly interesting list.
If that’s what you’re digging into, I can also give you the complete list of countries that don’t have an independent central bank, including countries using currency boards, multinational central banks (ECB, ECCB, WAEMU, etc.), or another country’s currency. That list gets considerably more interesting.
The obituary for the DSA will be published on November 4, 2026, one day after the national election shows that few buy into their nonsense. Legacy democrats praise themselves for having a “big tent.” Barnum & Bailey had a big tent and it was full of clowns. People paid to see them but laughed at their antics rather than take them seriously. Nothing’s changed.
COMMUNISM IS IMPOSSIBLE IN THE U.S. – THE RIGHT TO PRIVATE PROPERTY IS UNQUALIFIED AND ABSOLUTE
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
“The theory of the Communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property.”
– Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto
TRUMP CARD:
5th Amendment
No person shall be…deprived of…property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
Good luck with the “due process of law” part after the Supreme Court is loaded with left-wing justices who do not believe in the Constitution and precedent.
Leftist judges that rule like that will have short lives. It will never get that far any way. An insurrection will be declared and the military is not siding with the communist. This isn’t Russia where the Bolshevists had seasoned fighters from the WW1 front, the left has a bunch of thugs with no military training. Against the current military they have no chance. Biden’s drag queen.army no longer exists.
says the progressive
MAGAA1st
11b
Saddle up, men!
Full combat load!
Five days C-rats.
Saddle up, men!
Full combat load!
Five days C-rats!
Kimpton, take point!
“[Private property is] that dominion which one man claims and exercises over the external things of the world, in exclusion of every other individual.”
– James Madison
_____________________
“[A] limited Constitution…can be preserved in practice no other way than through the medium of courts of justice, whose duty it must be to declare all acts contrary to the manifest tenor of the Constitution void. Without this, all the reservations of particular rights or privileges would amount to nothing…To deny this would be to affirm…that men acting by virtue of powers may do not only what their powers do not authorize, but what they forbid.”
– Alexander Hamilton
”Bella Dodd was a ranking Communist during the 1944 Communist Convention held in NY City. She later revealed the Communist goals were to overthrow the USA by using terms such as liberalism, progressivism & democracy rather than communism or socialism.”
Above Excerpt is from … ‘A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing’ [2+ minute video found on YouTube]
Also for related info, please consider visiting my Substack post entitled:
“The Enemy Within: 45 Communist Party Trojan Elephants are being ignored in the adjoining room — the Parlor”
AND now the muslHAMs are using the same tactics. Just wait till they start pushing ‘significant others’ off tall buildings…… F00Lz
MAGAA1st >>—> Do NOT look up….
11b
JT provided a rather sparse biography for Prof Butch Ware. He’s not just a prof at UCSB, he’s also a would-be politician, having run as a write-in candidate for governor of California this year, and for Vice President of the USA in 2024 as the Green Party candidate with Jill Stein. He’s also a hip hop artist (half of the hip hop duo ‘Slum Prophecy’).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Ware
Communism is Despotism Which Must Be Annihilated With Extreme Prejudice
_____________________________________________________________________________________
“But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.”
– Declaration of Independence, 1776
This is what happens when you let a bully keep pushing and let them tink they have strength. If the street thugs and ignorant “well educated college” crew take to the streets with extreme violence they’ll find that the wizz of a jacketed projectile will have the same effect as a well placed bladder catheter. I believe the quiet American will no longer stay quiet at that time? Blame both parties for what the republic is now experiencing, the Dems cuddled and used them and the Republican’s ignored the threat and did nothing to stop them. The Jewish community hopefully realizes that the party they were favorable to is not their friend? I hope the majority of Americans will recognize the threat these maniac’s are to the freedoms we’ve enjoyed these many years will vote accordingly? The threat to the republic is real inside as well from outside the nation.
Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto 59 years after the adoption of the Constitution because none of the principles of the Communist Manifesto were in the Constitution. Had the principles of the Communist Manifesto been in the Constitution, Karl Marx would have had no reason to write the Communist Manifesto. The principles of the Communist Manifesto were not in the Constitution in 1848, and the principles of the Communist Manifesto are not in the Constitution now.
Joachim Fest’s biography of Hitler is one of the densest and darkest books I’ve ever read. For all that though, there is an unintentional splash of almost Roadrunner cartoon comedy when, for the second or third time, a major mucky-muck of whatever party is in power in the Reichstag declares it safe to invite Hitler and his Nazis into the party because he surely wouldn’t screw them over THIS time.
Could get sporty in the near future…
-dale
“a major mucky-muck of whatever party is in power in the Reichstag declares it safe to invite Hitler and his Nazis into the party because he surely wouldn’t screw them over THIS time.”
That mucky-muck thought that Hitler had learned his lesson. He was actually correct about Hitler learning, but was just a wee bit off about what the actual lesson he learned was.
When one party nominates a convicted felon (who attempted a coup), there is no longer any standard of sanity. And that’s why we have the DSA.
^ Chinese propaganda slop ^
The ridiculous lawfare against him was the *reason* he got elected you moron.
Trump only won with 1% of the Popular Vote. That’s no landslide. That’s Elon Musk dropping $200 million.
According to polls, the *reason* Trump got elected was because enough people believed his lies about immediately bringing down the cost of groceries, energy and the cost of other goods, plus the promise of “no new wars”. There is tremendous buyer’s remorse now.
Gigi, there is no buyer’s remorse. We’re very happy with what we got. Blaming the stupidity of voters is the last refuge of a scoundrel, like you.
Trump has continued to surprise me with great things I could have never hoped or imagined for my beloved country. VDH says it best:
Oh, please – most of what we pay now is directly related to the 21% embedded cumulative inflation inflicted on us by Biden & Co’s deficit spending. Old Joe gave us our first $2 trillion in annual deficits. The buyers’ remorse belongs to Biden voters.
None of those is the reason. He was elected to close the border. He did that.
This marked the first time a Republican candidate won the popular vote since George W. Bush in 2004.
Again, you can thank the ridiculous lawfare for that.
Yet Markey, Boxer, Jim Clyburn, Bennie Thompson, and even the sainted John Lewis, voted on J6, 2005 to overturn the 2004 election.
I never said landslide, you injected that word into this. And you prove my point because the margin of victory came from Trump’s higher than usual share of minority voters who saw in him a kindred spirit due to the ridiculous lawfare against him. That phenomenon is not even disputed. You can brush it all off to Musk, but that just doesn’t align with reality. The minorities who voted for Trump, giving him his edge, were not influenced by Musk, and anyway more billionaires give big to the Dems than to the GOP.
Trump won all swing states, and changed Blue Counties Red. That in itself is a landslide – in addition to the breadth of his victory in the Electoral College.
awww, so close but no cigar! Run cam-a-la again why dontcha?
Trump! is YOUR 24/7 President today, in the White House and in your head.
Screech please!
Indeed
Oh, honey- you are a hoot and you never fail to disappoint! hahahaha
Rubbish.
Is Donald Trump a felon? No, he is not. But, but, but, what about the 34 felonies? Falsifying business records is a misdemeanor. It becomes a felony only if done to conceal another crime. Bragg’s “other crime” was never identified. The judge told the jury they did not have to agree on what the other hidden crime was. The statute requires intent to defraud. Neither banks nor the IRS were defrauded. Bragg campaigned on Getting Trump. If this were an ordinary felony fraud case, an unconditional discharge would be an admission that the case could not bear a real sentence. Bragg is now defending a title of “felon” even though there is no punishment. If you don’t think this is despicable, you are despicable.
When both parties’ candidates violate New York Penal Law 175.10, by mislabeling expenditures in business records, for the purpose of winning an election in violation of New York Election Law 17-152, but only ONE is prosecuted, there is no standard.of sanity.
And that is why no Democrat should be elected in future.
Deranged
Socialist
Ailment
The American Revolutionaries asked God for His recognition, validation, judgement, and protection.
Will He now deny it all?
___________________________
“We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.”
– American Founders, 1776
Once again, PT and others of us here on his blog, try to to point out the stupid and crazy that is the far illiberal leftists, try to warn all the moderate Democrats of what is, or has taken over parts of the DNC. This is why moderate Democrats like Bill Maher and the good professor, keep pointing it out. But there are those who just will not listen. And this has nothing to do with inciting rage of people who read his blog. We are not the ones “raging.” We, and he, are trying to warn and point out the moderate Democrat party and their members. There is a difference between moderate and traditional Democrats and the far illiberal leftists. We have been trying to warn them to do something about these people like give them the boot and take back your party. They have come out and said they will use the DNC, their monies to win their kind of candidates to gain power and then they will give the establishment Democrats the boot. Even James Carville has said to stop using their party, the party monies and assets, to stop using the word “Democrat” and get lost. Some are trying to claim, wrongly, that the good professor is trying to claim of guilt by association. Nothing could be further from the truth. We, Independents, want the moderate and traditional Democrats to disassociate themselves, the Democrat party from the far illiberal leftists. I have been saying it for years. I have also said I do not want one party rule, and I have mentioned I would not mind seeing a third or fourth party. If the DSA were to go their own way and form their own party disassociated with the Democrat party, I think Republicans, Independents, and Democrats would and could work together against the DSA and their anti-American, anti-capitalism policies.
Upstate, well said. 👍💥💯
#WeAreEstovir
UpState, pardon me Sir, but there is NOT a moderate dim. Murdering unborn is not moderate. Allowing/abetting an invasion is not moderate. JT is not a moderate, if he or anyone else identifies as a dim, they are the enemy of the Constitution.
.
full stop
MAGAA1st hopes conservatives will stop using dim/commi/socialist/muslHAM verbage when penning missives about them.
11b
A generation ago the Dems were the anti-war party, such as during Persian Gulf 1and 2. They also rail against the kinetic conflict weakening Iran as the world’s foremost state sponsor of terrorism, and the most likely nation to start a global nuclear war.
But these clowns are now pro-war so long as the people being killed are Americans.
#WeAreEstovir
What incredibly incompetent performances by a ragtag collection of ridiculous clowns. There are an estimated HALF BILLION firearms in private hands in the US, and the vast majority are owned by people very much opposed to the woke, Marxist agenda these nattering fools espouse. They say they want war? Very well, but they should be advised that if they attempt to deliver on that rhetoric, a great many in their ranks are unlikely to survive. Of course, the idiot cowards shooting their fool mouths off about this don’t have the spine to actually take any personal risks. As SF author Larry Niven said of a fictional alien race he named “Pierson’s Puppeteers”, they will be “leading from behind”.
in the immortal words of El Rushbeau, DITTO…… 556….. 308…. 6.5CM… 7.62×39.. tiQ tiQ tiQ tiQ tiQ
MAGAA1st
11b
They may have armored equipment. Please do not neglect .50 BMG (and .338 Lapua where the BMG round has been banned).