By Mike Appleton, Guest Blogger
“We pledge ourselves to use all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation.
-The Southern Manifesto, Cong. Rec., 84th Cong. 2d Session, Vol. 102, part 4 (March 12, 1956)
‘This was an activist court that you saw today. Anytime the Supreme Court renders something constitutional that is clearly unconstitutional, that undermines the credibility of the Supreme Court. I do believe the court’s credibility was undermined severely today.”
-Michele Bachmann (R. Minn.), June 26 2012
Most people are familiar with the opinion in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, et al., 349 U.S. 483 (1954), in which a unanimous Supreme Court summarily outlawed public school segregation by tersely declaring, “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” 349 U.S. at 495. But many people do not know that Brown involved a consolidation of cases from four states. The “et al.” in the style refers to decisions on similar facts in Delaware, South Carolina and Virginia. And the response of Virginia to the ruling in Brown provides an interesting comparison with the actions leading to the current government shutdown.
In 1951 the population of Prince Edward County, Virginia was approximately 15,000, more than half of whom were African-American. The county maintained two high schools to accommodate 386 black students and 346 white students. Robert R. Moton High School lacked adequate science facilities and offered a more restricted curriculum than the high school reserved for white students. It had no gym, showers or dressing rooms, no cafeteria and no restrooms for teachers. Students at Moton High were even required to ride in older school buses.
Suit was filed in federal district court challenging the Virginia constitutional and statutory provisions mandating segregated public schools. Although the trial court agreed that the school board had failed to provide a substantially equal education for African-American students, it declined to invalidate the Virginia laws, concluding that segregation was not based “upon prejudice, on caprice, nor upon any other measureless foundation,” but reflected “ways of life in Virginia” which “has for generations been a part of the mores of the people.” Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 103 F. Supp. 337, 339 (E.D. Va. 1952). Instead, the court ordered the school board to proceed with the completion of existing plans to upgrade the curriculum, physical plant and buses at Moton High School. When the plaintiffs took an appeal from the decision, the Democratic machine that had for many years controlled Virginia politics under the firm hand of Sen. Harry Byrd had little reason to believe that “ways of life” that had prevailed since the end of the Reconstruction era would soon be declared illegal.
When the Brown decision was announced, the reaction in Virginia was shock, disbelief and anger. Reflecting the prevailing attitudes, the Richmond News Leader railed against “the encroachment of the Federal government, through judicial legislation, upon the reserved powers of the States.” The Virginia legislature adopted a resolution of “interposition” asserting its right to “interpose” between unconstitutional federal mandates and local authorities under principles of state sovereignty. And Sen. Byrd organized a campaign of opposition that came to be known as “Massive Resistance.”
In August of 1954 a commission was appointed to formulate a plan to preserve segregated schools. Late in 1955, it presented its recommendations, including eliminating mandatory school attendance, empowering local school boards to assign students to schools and creating special tuition grants to enable white students to attend private schools. Enabling legislation was quickly adopted and “segregation academies” began forming around the state. Subsequent legislation went even further by prohibiting state funding of schools that chose to integrate.
In March of 1956, 19 senators and 77 house members from 11 southern states signed what is popularly known as “The Southern Manifesto,” in which they declared, “Even though we constitute a minority in the present Congress, we have full faith that a majority of the American people believe in the dual system of government which has enabled us to achieve our greatness and will in time demand that the reserved rights of the States and of the people be made secure against judicial usurpation.”
Throughout this period the Prince Edward County schools remained segregated, but when various court rulings invalidated Virginia’s various attempts to avoid integration, the school board took its final stand. It refused to authorize funds to operate any schools in the district, and all public schools in the county were simply closed, and remained closed from 1959 to 1964.
There are striking similarities between Sen. Byrd’s failed plan of Massive Resistance and Republican efforts to prevent implementation of the Affordable Care Act. There was widespread confidence among conservatives that the Supreme Court would declare the Act unconstitutional. When that did not occur, legislators such as Michele Bachmann, quoted above, attempted to deny the legitimacy of the Court’s ruling. Brent Bozell went further, denouncing Chief Justice Roberts as “a traitor to his own philosophy,” hearkening back to the days when southern roadsides were replete with billboards demanding the impeachment of Chief Justice Earl Warren.
The House of Representatives has taken over 40 votes to repeal the ACA, quixotic efforts pursued for reasons known only to John Boehner and his colleagues. And in accordance with the Virginia legislative model, the House has attempted to starve the ACA by eliminating it from funding bills. Following the failure of these efforts, Republicans have elected to pursue the path ultimately taken by the school board of Prince Edward County and have shut down the government.
Even the strategy followed by Republicans is largely a southern effort. Approximately 60% of the Tea Party Caucus is from the South. Nineteen of the 32 Republican members of the House who have been instrumental in orchestrating the shutdown are from southern states. It is hardly surprising therefore, that the current impasse is characterized by the time-honored southern belief in nullification theory as a proper antidote to disfavored decisions by a congressional majority.
In reflecting upon the experience of Virginia many years later, former Gov. Linwood Holton noted, “Massive resistance … served mostly to exacerbate emotions arrayed in a lost cause.” Republicans would do well to ponder the wisdom in that observation.
Gene H. and Tony C.
By the way, you still have not defined fascism. You gave us the social memes and social characteristics promoted by the government at the time. Nationalism, militarization, racism, and imperialism. These are common memes that many governments still promote today with anti immigration policies added and instead of racism we hate the Muslims. This surely begs the question as to if we are fascist or not?
The question that I have been trying to get you to answer is how a fascism system specifically worked. Did it have a Central Banking system? What rights were protected and which rights were not? Did they use heavy progressive or graduated taxation and regulation? Did they nationalize various industries or did the maintain private industries. Did special interest groups manipulate the political system and how did they do it; kick backs, payoffs, campaign contributions or trips to Vegas? Was there significant collusion between government and the private sector using, as they do today here in the US, government incentives, grants, government contracts, military expenditures, generous banking terms, cronyism and jobs? What kind of economic system was used to make this all happen and what made them specifically a fascist regime? Was there light regulatory polices or did everyone have to get permission or pay off the government to be able to do just about everything like here in the US. Where there building standards and regulatory fees in place the significantly drove up the costs to build housing, so that many people could no longer afford to buy a home. Were they running deficits and were they issuing huge amounts of government debt to pay for excessive levels of government spending?
Fascism just doesn’t happen by coincidence. A set of situations must be in place which promote such activities. Were the police and military complicit in the actions of their fascist government in both Italy and Germany? Who financed the government activities of Hitler and Mussolini?
Did these countries have a lot of additional social programs up and above the obvious militarization and public education. Why were so many people starving to death in Germany during that period when the government bureaucrats appeared to be living in luxury.
Everyone has heard and read the results of fascism Gene but what specially caused it and also very importantly how did they specifically implement it?
What laws and regulations did they use to turn an entire society into a group of fascist animals that wanted to concur the world through exterminating those they did not believe were good enough to be human.
Skip says: my research is culling up the evil underbelly of the beast.
Only in your imagination, as you try to skew a good working system into some sort of evil that does not exist in order to meet your preconceived notions.
Skip says: Norway is not the great nation you perceive.
I perceive it as a working nation, which it is.
The only evil you will find there is
A) Evil that exists everywhere, including here in the USA; and
B) Taxes and redistribution of wealth to create equal opportunity and prioritize human life and potential and physical and financial safety over excessive wealth, which only your selfish, money-obsessed 20% minority would find “evil.”
http://www.gfmag.com/tools/global-database/economic-data/11944-wealth-distribution-income-inequality.html#axzz2mNKI7Qbb
Also, you really do need to understand history better, Skipper. That which was described applies to wealth unbalancing venal autocratic oligarchies like those in France before the French Revolution or Russia before the October Revolution: when a society becomes so disparate between rich and poor that the poor rise up and kill the oligarchs.
That’s nothing at all like what happened in pre-war Germany.
It’s a lot like what is going on here though.
As for the relationship between happiness and standard of living? Take those GINI coefficients and if you’re competent to do your own research from there – which I really doubt – you’ll see there is a correlation between low GINI coefficients and higher aggregate quality of life and happiness in the citizenry. You’ll also see how poorly the US performs in this area.
Or not.
Perception and integration of information to synthesize integrated understanding doesn’t seem to be your strong suit.
However, since you are intellectually lazy (only the intellectually lazy or dishonest would make up definitions), making you do your own work is good for you. I’ve pointed you in the right direction. Now get crackin’.
Skip: A $50.00 pizza. ‘really’ Does debasement of ones currency mean anything?
Isn’t that exactly what you are rooting for, Skip? The ability to charge whatever the market will bear, even if that is $50 for a pizza?
Or will you now hop on your Communism bicycle and control the market and pricing for pizza?
Apparently, Socialist Norway is more of a free market than you are willing to tolerate. Nobody needs a $50 pizza, Skip, everybody can walk away from that deal and eat fish. There is no reason to regulate the price of pizza.
Bron: IBC and IRC are bare minimum codes,
And yet you would do away with them, and not demand people even meet the bare minimum. Moron.
And they were not contrived by industry, I know the full history of them. You apparently do not.
RTC: Not that I am opposed; to each his own. I don’t drink alcohol. About every other year at Christmas I will try something my sister is drinking; a half glass of wine, a shot of something. She finds crazy good stuff, and I have a week to get it out of my system. I don’t smoke anything. I won’t take aspirin, it interferes with my attention to details in equations. Caffeine and chocolate work for me, I literally had lattes in my bottle (half coffee, half milk). Other than those, I avoid any mind-altering drugs.
But, I have no philosophical problem with recreational drugs, they should be legal. And regulated for purity and safety like any other ingestible.
“Socialism does not give up the hope, the aspirations for success, the ability to achieve our dreams that the free market does.”
Paging Dr. Freud. Your slip is showing.
Don’t try to claim typo either. S and P are on opposite sides of the keyboard. You know. Like socialism and fascism are on opposite sides of the political spectrum. Or you could say S and P are the same letter. That tactic worked out so well for you before.
Also, you neglect salient facts. While Norway constantly places highest in both quality of life and happiness of its citizens, there is a direct correlation to these facts and their economics. Your preferred system has a demonstrated problem with causing great income disparities. Income disparity causes a lower aggregate quality of life by concentrating wealth in a very small percentage of the populace and decreases citizen satisfaction/happiness. This decrease in both living standards and happiness ends in civil discord, strife and eventually violent revolution. I know this because history tells me so. However, if you look at GINI coefficient calculations (the number which “measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution”), you see that Norway has an unadjusted GINI coefficient of 41 and an adjusted GINI coefficient (adjusted for taxes and trasnfers) of 25. This makes Norway rank 24th out of the 34 countries studied by the Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD). Denmark, which has similar economic polices to Norway, finishes also at the top of living standards and happiness surveys, weighs in at the 2nd lowest GINI coefficient with 41.6 unadjusted and 24.8 adjusted, just in front of Norway in 3rd place. Both countries rank significantly above the OECD averages of 46.3/31.6. The United States by comparison consistently ranks lower in quality of life and happiness and higher in income disparity (48.6/37.8) than either Denmark or Norway. Yes, socialism distributes a percentage of wealth but for the betterment of all society. Laissez-faire capitalism on the other hand, exacerbates income disparity by concentrating wealth and effectively taking that money out of the economy which results in a lower aggregate standard of living and greater unhappiness just so the very few can say they’ve got the biggest
dickbank accounts. Is that correlative? Spending money on the public good and having a higher aggregate standard of living and greater happiness? Only a fool would think otherwise.Yep.
Here’s what an ideology of selfishness buys you: a broken down crap hole where no one is happy that spirals downward until there is violent revolution while the super-rich eat cake and poopoo the poor for being inferior until one night they get killed and eaten in their own kitchens as the price of their uncontrolled greed.
And again, I know this because history tells me so.
Now what was that you were saying about the power of unrestrained capitalism and quality of life and happiness again?
Oh yeah.
Bullshit. Bullshit so blatant your fingers couldn’t type what you wanted and instead typed something closer to the truth.
“Socialism does not give up the hope, the aspirations for success, the ability to achieve our dreams that the free market does.”
That’s right.
Socialism indeed does not give up the hope, the aspirations for success, the ability to achieve our dreams that the free market does.
In fact, it creates a better life full of hope and aspirations while making it easier for people to achieve their dreams and thus be happy.
That’s why democratic market socialism is a better system than laissez-faire capitalism.
Carry on, Skippy. Carry on.
Show me some evidence of this Gene?
Here’s what an ideology of selfishness buys you: a broken down crap hole where no one is happy that spirals downward until there is violent revolution while the super-rich eat cake and poopoo the poor for being inferior until one night they get killed and eaten in their own kitchens as the price of their uncontrolled greed.
Funny how that sounds like what happened to Nazi Germany and Italy.
You’ve hit the nail on the head for what really to most countries that embrace socialism and fascism.
Bron: What do you know about the IBC? Seriously. Or OSHA. I’ve been working in the trades for 27 years. If a fraction of projects that I’ve seen done by hacks even came close to the code, they would have been improved exponentially. And job safety? You don’t know shit. As one old timer once told me, “there are only so many ways you can build something, but there are a million ways to bump your nose (get hurt).”
You’re the kind of guy that not only gets hurt, you get others injured as well. I doubt you’re qualified to build a doghouse.
Gene: You’re cracking me up.
Tony: “I don’t drink beer.”—–!!!?
DavidM: I wouldn’t take Mussolini’s word for anything except when the next train was due to arrive. Do I think your gullible? Mmmm, not necessarily. I think you’d quote Satan himself, if it agreed with your beliefs.
tony c:
I have the IBC, the IRC, ACI 318, AISC 10th ed, the NDS for wood construction, ASCE7 and other codes within 2-3′ of me.
IBC and IRC are bare minimum codes, mostly contrived by industry to set themselves in the cat bird seat to sell more products or keep smaller competitors out of the market. If you use those for anything other than how many smoke detectors are required you dont know what you are doing.
And OSHA? Oh fuk, dont use their trench design guide lines, they are dangerous. I have them and was doing a design based on them and threw it away. Also lost time accidents in the construction industry started going down when insurers started giving rebates to contractors for job safety, OSHA had little to do with it.
I use the source codes for my designs and usually add a little something extra just in case.
Codes can be good but in most cases they are the absolute bare minimum required. I dont know about you but when I design a structure it isnt to the bare minimum. Codes encourage poor quality workmanship because of this fact.
How many people could afford making a mistake? And even if my shed is built to code, it could still burn down and kill a bunch of people. How would I pay for that? How would you?
Who of us has enough money/insurance to compensate for loss of life?
In fact, the only substantive difference between Nazism and Italian Fascism is that Nazism had a heavy racist component and Italian Fascism did not.
Oops.
Actually, factual history informs my views unlike the revisionism you seem to prefer. Hitler wasn’t a socialist for example. He was a fascist. In fact, the Nazis had to run the socialists out of the Nazi Party because the feared a rebellion when their true nature began to show. They called it the Night of the Long Knives. They came to power promising socialism, true, but what they delivered was fascism. Specifically Italian Fascism. It wasn’t even a popular move with some of the Nazis who felt Hitler was under a “undue foreign influence”, but when der Furher said “fascism”, the only question in the end was “how high to goosestep”.
Also, you neglect a salient feature about Mussolini one must always take in to account. He was severely butt hurt after being expelled from the Italian Socialist Party. Everything he did in formulating Italian Fascism was in some way related to retaliation for that rejection.
History!
In addition to English, you should get some.
Gene H – [sigh] even when I try to support some things you say, you have to find a way to turn it into an insult against me. How sad.
Gene H wrote: “Hitler wasn’t a socialist…”
Adolf Hitler in 1927 said:
“We are socialists, we are enemies of today’s capitalistic economic system for the exploitation of the economically weak, with its unfair salaries, with its unseemly evaluation of a human being according to wealth and property instead of responsibility and performance, and we are determined to destroy this system under all conditions.”
Hitler’s speech on May 1, 1927. Cited in: Toland, John (1992). Adolf Hitler. Anchor Books. pp. 224–225. ISBN 0385037244.
Your biggest mistake Gene is not recognizing that fascism is primarily a political term whereas socialism is primarily a term describing an economic system. They are not mutually exclusive terms. Hitler was clearly a socialist and a fascist. Anybody who has read Mein Kampf or Hitler’s 25 point plan for the Nazi party readily sees the socialism embedded within it. From an economic perspective, the Nazi movement was a worker’s rights movement. His posters promoting the movement show the worker rising up. And remember Volkswagen? From German: The People’s Car.
e.g.
http://www.hitler.org/writings/Mein_Kampf/mkv2ch05.html
http://www.scrapbookpages.com/DachauScrapbook/25Points.html
Skip: None of that makes it fascist, as Gene says.
Government ownership of national resources makes perfect sense to me, it is the most equitable approach and far MORE equitable than our approach of giving away our national offshore oil to companies that make monstrous profits on it, while we get effectively nothing (because our supposed microscopic “royalties” are consumed entirely by massive tax breaks the oil companies do not need).
The Norwegians get virtually all the profits of the oil they own collectively, as a nation. It is just managed by their employee, their government.
It isn’t fascist and I won’t ever call it thus, but if YOU think that is fascist, then it should give you pause on thinking of fascism as evil: they are one of the happiest countries on Earth, and even have one of the happiest 1% on Earth, despite their taxes. And they have the freedom of speech to say otherwise.
As for $50 pizza, a friend and I split a $65 large just a about a month ago.
I don’t drink beer, so I don’t know from $11, but a friend of mine in NYC on business spent $15 at a hotel for a beer (and complained, but I am just reporting the price is apparently not that unusual). Food costs more when the logistics of delivery is increased or complicated.
Tony C. That is the point that I’ve been trying to make. In the beginning fascism is not necessarily evil or horrible. It’s the expansion of government and the necessary increases in taxation and regulatory fees and fines that eventually puts the middle class, especially the private sector into a sort of position of being economic slaves to the ruling oligarchy. The costs of entrepreneurial projects ends up being just to high to compete with the existing corporatism; the collusion between the political and corporate status quo.
It’s like in this country. Do you know how hard it is to start a company today that will be profitable in five years? 1 out of 50, maybe. People I know, which I am not proud of, set up a company, knowing in advance that the company would probably not last more than fire years and they did not. The just filed bankruptcy and are now getting some of those people who knew the initial game plan, together to buy the company out of bankruptcy at pennies on the dollar. Great plan but corrupt. They used a combination of government grants and private sector financing to bankroll the company with contracts as collateral from a major companies. As soon as the contract ended, no more sales and why this, I believe this is a good example of fascism. The use of taxation and regulation to fund private projects under the guise of the public good. “a solar panel manufacturer”. The average person in Norway ends up paying $2,000 a month for a 700 SF flat while the King I’m sure lives in a similar size abode. By the way I love solar panels. just got a hot water panel that I need to totally refurbish, but the price was right, free. I have a small pool and a free Jacuzzi I just picked up. The cost of electric is so high I can’t afford to heat it by an electric heater. I let you know how the project progresses.
Tony C. A $50.00 pizza. ‘really’ Does debasement of ones currency mean anything? I’m not speaking of Norway as a surplus generally means they do not have to sell off debt to fund government.
What it is that has made our once great nation, the most prosperous nation in the world, a disgrace to the human race. Norway makes us look like a pile of crap in many ways. however, my research is culling up the evil underbelly of the beast. Norway is not the great nation you perceive. The middle class must pay $2,000 month for a 700 sq. ft. flat while the King I’m sure lives in a similar size abode.
Socialism does not give up the hope, the aspirations for success, the ability to achieve our dreams that the free market does. Not all dreams come true for everyone, but there is no reason that we cannot share in the success of a ethical society. Socialism sadly does not appear to offer such hope or true prosperity except for the very few on the planet and even then, the negative ramifications are far greater then initially realized.
Butt kissing. How very . . . exciting. Maybe you and Skippy can get together and educate one another later.
Yeah. It was educational. It also confirmed what I said.
Norway practices democratic socialism, not fascism. Which is precisely contrary to Skip’s conflated assertions of non-factual nonsense. That’s what happens when people don’t understand what they are reading.
You seem to be laboring under the impression I’d waste my time trying to educate true believers. That would be a false impression. Zealots don’t change due to external influences. It’s a change that comes from within if at all. Like the Zen koan says, “One cannot fill a tea cup that is full.” Actual learning is not something either of you are interested in. Speaking of which, educate was used as a euphemism. Since you both have problems with using words correctly, “euphemism” is your vocabulary homework assignment. I’ve already accurately defined fascism for you.
TONY C:
No, Skipper.
If you knew anything about fascism, you’d know the salient features of such systems.
Fascist systems are totalitarian, have either a vanguard party or a sole party and are organized on principles of fascist ideology, namely ultranationalism, viewing imperialistic war and/or political violence as a viable tool for expanding their power and a bent toward militarism in general, focus on a strong (usually central) leader, has the economic goal of creating an autarky (a closed self-sufficient economy) and explicit hostility to liberal democracy, socialism, and communism. They also rely to a certain degree on internal free market mechanisms to reward and incentivize the industrial oligarchs that keep them in power.
Norway doesn’t practice any form of fascism.
As I said, they practice democratic market socialism.
However, what we have here with our ever expanding Imperial Executive and a Congress in the thrall of the MIC, oil companies and big business in general willing to engage in wars for the private profits of industry above national interests and pass laws favoring the corporatist oligarchy and all the while ignoring the democratic will of the electorate is a lot like fascism. So much so that any claim America is a fascist/corporatist nation carries a lot more weight than any claim it is any form of socialist state. Nor can it be both at the same time. Fascism and socialism are ideologically diametrically opposed and fundamentally incompatible (both of which make your persistent conflation that much more of an oxymoron).
I just read that the Supremes refused to hear the appeal by Liberty “University” regarding the Affordable Care Act.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/02/us-usa-court-obamacare-idUSBRE9B10II20131202?feedType=RSS&feedName=politicsNews&utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter&dlvrit=574655
The primary underlying problem being that Norway doesn’t have a fascist system for which to have underlying problems with. They practice democratic market socialism, not fascism, contrary to your express and wrongly conflated mislabeling.
Since Norway has been selling off a lot of their state owned industries, what do you than call a society that is primarily controlled by the ruling oligarchy using taxation and regulation, rather than government administrative controls and direct ownership used for socialist and communist programs?
To you, is when the government takes away certain rights and institute authoritarian controls that cause both oppression and economic problems is when you have fascism?
hskiprob wrote: “To you, is when the government takes away certain rights and institute authoritarian controls that cause both oppression and economic problems is when you have fascism?”
From an ideological perspective, fascism is a political policy that makes the needs of the community (the collective / society) more important than the needs of the individual. Historically, fascists have trended toward nationalism and single party systems. Adolf Hitler was a socialist, but he hated communists as much as he hated Jews, and Mussolini had big problems with the Italian Socialist Party because of their opposition to nationalism and because they were too conservative. These are the attributes that informs Gene’s worldview about fascism.
A quote from Mussolini:
“We declare war against socialism, not because it is socialism, but because it has opposed nationalism. Although we can discuss the question of what socialism is, what is its program, and what are its tactics, one thing is obvious: the official Italian Socialist Party has been reactionary and absolutely conservative. If its views had prevailed, our survival in the world of today would be impossible.”
“I was just speaking with an attorney friend of mine on licensure laws and some of the negative ramification of such policies, costs being one of them because of the outlandish legal and medical costs that our society is suffering from. He actually stated to me; “you mean you would be willing to risk going to an unlicensed doctor”?
I replied, Yes, of course, under the condition that I knew he had cured other people of similar problems I was experiencing.”
1) I’m sure he was just as appalled by your answer, Skippy.
2) Actually tort damages make up an insignificant part of our medical expenditures. About 8%. Which is something that would be mitigated by socialized health care insurance. In countries with socialized medicine, it is really difficult to sue for malpractice. The doctors have to do something really stupid, like remove the wrong organ, to incur liability.
____________
pete,
WP is bad about historical data on such things (it only measures the last 1000 comments) as comment counts, but if memory serves, where Mike A is at now puts him in 3rd place for all time comments. David (Nal) and Mark (mespo) are in 2nd and a freshly bumped to 4th respectively. The #1 spot is 2,113 comments. It should be noted that anything over 1,000 is outstanding and there have also been quite a few in the 500-1000 range. This is nothing to sneer at either considering the vast majority of posts garner less than 100 comments. However, as the kids say, “It’s all good.”
Gene H. No Not really. He’s obviously knows some poor quality or dishonest attorneys. “They’re extremely hard to find though. lol. What does tort have to do with licensure? You can always sue anyone whether licensed or not.